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In lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD), such as urinary tract infection (UTI), bladder pain syndrome with interstitial cystitis (BPS\/IC) and neurogenic LUTD after spinal cord injury (SCI), chronic inflammation can develop. It is unclear how the protective reactionary inflammation escalates into chronic disease in some patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During its 2023 meeting in Bristol, the International Consultation on Incontinence\u2010Research Society (ICI\u2010RS) reviewed the urothelial and inflammatory changes after UTI, BPS\/IC and SCI. Potential factors contributing to the evolution into chronic disease were explored in a think\u2010tank.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five topics were discussed. (1) Visceral fat metabolism participates in the systemic pro\u2010inflammatory effect of noradrenalin in BPS\/IC and SCI. Sympathetic nervous system\u2010adipocyte\u2010bladder crosstalk needs further investigation. (2) Sympathetic hyperactivity also potentiates immune depression in SCI and needs to be investigated in BPS\/IC. Gabapentin and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 are promising research targets. (3) The exact peripheral neurons involved in the integrative protective unit formed by nervous and immune systems need to be further identified. (4) Neurotransmitter changes in SCI and BPS\/IC: Neurotransmitter crosstalk needs to be considered in identifying new therapeutic targets. (5) The change from eubiosis to dysbiosis in SCI can contribute to UTI susceptibility and needs to be unraveled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The think\u2010tank discussed whether visceral fat metabolism, immune depression through sympathetic hyperactivity, peripheral nerves and neurotransmitter crosstalk, and the change in microbiome could provide explanations in the heterogenic development of chronic inflammation in LUTD. High\u2010priority research questions were identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T07:35:08Z","timestamp":1698219308000},"page":"1283-1292","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Beyond the urothelium: Interplay between autonomic nervous system and bladder inflammation in urinary tract infection, bladder pain syndrome with interstitial cystitis and neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in spinal cord injury\u2014ICI\u2010RS 2023"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1757-2569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Wyndaele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The 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