{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T10:06:16Z","timestamp":1772273176988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acupuncture and moxibustion are being explored as complementary therapies with promising potential in managing interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS). While some studies indicate possible benefits, their scientific basis and clinical efficacy remain subjects of debate, partly due to methodological flaws in study designs involving acupuncture and related modalities, which warrant further attention and discussion. The main objective is to analyze and evaluate the research methodologies used in existing literature on acupuncture for managing IC\/BPS, providing insight into the methodological challenges and opportunities in this field.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Web of Sciences (WOS), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, SPORTDiscus, Epistemonikos, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched from their inception to August 2024. Data were extracted based on the study designs, primary outcome measures, adverse events (AEs), and participants' subjective views.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All the experimental studies (27.3%, 6 of 22) were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but only 2 full texts were accessible. Of the 4 RCTs, 3 involved rats. Observational research (50%) included case reports (27.3%), cohort studies (9.1%), and theoretical studies (4.5%). Additionally, reviews (22.7%) were included. The main languages were English (77.3%), Chinese (13.6%), Japanese (4.5%), and Russian (4.5%). The most frequently reported outcome was pain, followed by quality\u2010of\u2010life impact (symptom burden), urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia, and bladder capacity. AEs were reported in only 5 articles, all of which concluded that these effects were not significant and that acupuncture could be considered a safe and relatively noninvasive technique. One review found a risk of 1 AE\/76\u2009000 patients, with the most common side effects being minor, such as bleeding or bruising.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current evidence on acupuncture for interstitial cystitis is limited in quality, with studies often compromised by biases, small sample sizes, and lack of standardized protocols. Acupuncture is frequently part of multimodal treatments, aligning with Traditional Chinese Medicine's holistic approach to balance physical, mental, and emotional health. More high\u2010quality experimental research is needed, focusing on standardized protocols and participant experiences to better evaluate its efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T12:11:43Z","timestamp":1746187903000},"page":"1054-1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research Methodology in Acupuncture for Managing Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5798-4221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Infantes Rosales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngeles","family":"Mes\u00edas Pesqueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Castellanos D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"D\u00edaz Mohedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of M\u00e1laga M\u00e1laga Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.3786"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"European Society for the Study of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome ESSIC Guidelines on Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome(ESSIC 2021) https:\/\/www.essic.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"European Association of Urology EAU Guidelines on Chronic Pelvic Pain(European Association of Urology 2023) https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/chronic-pelvic-pain."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14234"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2017.0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2023.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/pm.2020.95334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.132"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632722.136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.13985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4364-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021422"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.SMJ.0000140834.30654.0F"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199812000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wjam.2020.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4321\/S1134-80462013000500006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2562"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2007.7040"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"A Proposed Standard International Acupuncture Nomenclatura","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-03009-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2022.102874"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2672173"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7203.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2023.101003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.985288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/7754876"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"F.Schulz KennethandA.Grimes David The Lancet Handbook of Essential Concepts in Clinical Research(Elsevier 2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-015-2886-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-012-1966-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"An Investigation Into the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis With Acupuncture","volume":"94","author":"Holford E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318219c171"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774520934910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-018-0265-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000142846.47245.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.281.6251.1336"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000142846.47245.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020124"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39048.407928.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181f44abc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599309180416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis by Acupuncture","volume":"75","author":"Tucker T.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Chinese Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence\u2010Based Medicine","author":"Greenhalgh T.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2018.0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004046.pub4"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T11:42:54Z","timestamp":1749814974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.70061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.70061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.70061","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}