{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:40:14Z","timestamp":1792428014536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754784000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS) is a chronic condition marked by chronic pain and voiding dysfunction, often without a clear cause. Management of which often requires a multidisciplinary approach, as well as multiple therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review characterizes mechanisms and limitations of currently available treatment modalities for IC\/BPS, as well as novel and investigational therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Conservative and supportive therapies include cognitive therapies, dietary and fluid management, pelvic floor exercises and bladder training. Additionally, pelvic floor directed therapies such as physical therapy, injections and nerve blocks should be considered. Cystoscopy with hydrodistension is both a diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Currently available oral therapies include: pentosan polysulfate, amitriptyline, hydroxyzine, silodosin, and non\u2010opioid medications such as cyclobenzaprine. Immunotherapies include cyclosporine and tacrolimus. Available intravesical therapies include dimethyl sulfoxide, lidocaine, oxybutynin, and glycosaminoglycan substitution treatment. Neuromodulation is also available including sacral and pudendal neuromodulation. Finally, we explore emerging therapies and drug delivery systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, we present currently available treatment options for IC\/BPS. These include conservative therapies, oral medications, intravesical therapies, and neuromodulation. Novel and investigational therapies are presented as well as promise for future directions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T13:33:31Z","timestamp":1754832811000},"page":"46-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Global Consensus on Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome: An Update on Therapeutic Treatments"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8281-8209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karis","family":"Buford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital Royal Oak Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9020-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth M.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corewell Health William Beaumont University Hospital Royal Oak Michigan USA"},{"name":"Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine Rochester Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5544-9540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Riedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landesklinikum Baden\u2010M\u00f6dling Medical University Vienna Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6236-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nagendra Nath","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHARUSAT Hospital Charotar University of Science and Technology Anand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wyndaele Jean","family":"Jacques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeritus University Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-5681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Lov\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RMC Clinics Budapest Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3745-794X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Almeida","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULS S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o, Faculdade de Medicina de Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3393-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lori","family":"Birder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","first-page":"3599","article-title":"The Role of the Bladder Surface in Interstitial Cystitis\/Painful Bladder Syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Teichman J. 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