{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:12:38Z","timestamp":1792015958444,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim is to provide an updated and revised overview of psychological and psychiatric aspects of nocturnal enuresis (NE) and daytime urinary incontinence (DUI). Clinical behavioral disorders and subclinical psychological symptoms are reviewed. Aspects of screening, assessment, counseling, and in severe cases, treatment are outlined and recommendations are formulated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant publications on psychological and psychiatric aspects are reviewed. The recommendations passed several rounds of consensus finding and were circulated among ICCS board members.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In addition to subclinical effects on self\u2010esteem, quality of life and stress, the rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders is increased compared to continent children. 20%\u201330% of children with NE and 20%\u201340% with DUI fulfill the criteria for clinically relevant psychiatric disorders. These concomitant psychological disturbances include externalizing, internalizing and neurodevelopmental disorders. They require assessment and counseling, in severe cases treatment. They have a negative effect on compliance and outcome if not addressed and left untreated. The paper provides an overview of the most important and common disorders encountered in young patients with NE\/DUI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recommendations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because the comorbidity rate is high, screening for psychological symptoms is recommended for all children with NE or DUI in all settings. In addition to clinical observation, exploration and history taking, standardized, validated broadband behavioral questionnaires are recommended. If problem items in the clinical range are present, a full child psychiatric or psychological assessment is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:30:32Z","timestamp":1780486232000},"page":"1019-1034","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychological and Psychiatric Issues in Enuresis and Urinary Incontinence\u2014A Revised and Updated Document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3579-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"von Gontard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Governor Kremers Center, Department of Urology Maastricht University Medical Center Maastricht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5651-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Joinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Academic Child Health, Population Health Sciences Department, Bristol Medical School University of Bristol  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"U.","family":"Barroso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Childhood Urinary Disorders (CEDIMI) Bahiana School of Medicine and Federal University Salvador Bahia Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Caldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Sydney, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Ohtomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Juntendo University Nerima Hospital Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2841-813X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. J.","family":"Nieuwhof\u2010Leppink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Psychology and Urology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.11.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders text revision (DSM\u20105). Washington D.C.;2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation Multiaxial Classification of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders: The ICD\u201010 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Cambridge;2008."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. ICD\u201011 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (version: 02\/2026) https:\/\/icd.who.int\/browse\/2026-01\/mms.en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22751"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118814789.ch4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2012.10.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22911"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0928-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2023.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychological and Psychiatric Issues in Functional Constipation, Fecal Incontinence and Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction\u2014A Revised and Updated Document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)","author":"Gontard A.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1455171"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S230537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsl039"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2018.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2020.152208"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.05.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsw025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00816.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.1990.tb02390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050677"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590600750144"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22651"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24451"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30113-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0894"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1193-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-015-0814-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40746-025-00349-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0577-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000084669.59166.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24798"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-024-06663-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25637"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","article-title":"Association of Polygenic Risk Scores for Neurodevelopmental Traits and Psychiatric Conditions With Incontinence and Constipation in Children and Young People","author":"Bastiani O.","year":"2025","journal-title":"manuscript accepted for publication"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30350-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000004187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2020.101335"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2024.152510"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","first-page":"2968","article-title":"Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents With Nocturnal Enuresis","volume":"14","author":"Amiri S.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2011.04171.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neuromotor Skills in Children With Incontinence before and During Treatment","author":"Gontard A.","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-3040-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-014-0628-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Elimination Disorders and Anxious\u2010Depressed Symptoms in Preschool Children: A Population\u2010Based Study","volume":"23","author":"Equit M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.25025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2021.0059"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2007.00781.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80572-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.04.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2008.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.03.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-1270-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0605-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2005.00556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","unstructured":"B.Borg. Sleep and neurocognitive function in childhood incontinence. PhD dissertation. Aarhus University Denmark; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12284"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.01054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02211-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13591045211033175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","article-title":"Exploring Novel Non\u2010Pharmacologic Approaches to Address Preoperative Anxiety and Postoperative Pain in Pediatric Patients Undergoing In\u2010Patient Surgical Procedures: A Scoping Review","volume":"16","author":"Llerena G. E.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000526946"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","volume-title":"JM Rey's IACAPAP e\u2010Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","author":"Rey J. M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.08.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2023.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2022.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23564"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-019-0291-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","volume-title":"Behavior Assessment System for Children (third edition) \u2010BASC\u20103","author":"Reynolds C. R.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-022-00270-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3830-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","volume-title":"Urinary and Fecal Incontinence\u2014A Training Program for Children and Adolescents","author":"Equit M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12400"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040360"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.0164"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02016-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1501-5"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nau.70323","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T04:54:58Z","timestamp":1786942498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.70323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.70323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.70323","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}