{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T07:20:55Z","timestamp":1787556055279,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82272591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82272591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82472593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate interpretable machine learning (ML) survival models for predicting indwelling catheter time (ICT) in early\u2010stage spinal cord injury (SCI) patients with neurogenic bladder (NB), identify key early predictors, and derive a practical prognostic stratification tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed 135 consecutive early\u2010stage SCI\u2010NB patients admitted between November 2017 and January 2026. The terminal event was defined as indwelling catheter conversion (ICC). Five ML survival models were developed to estimate the probability of ICC within 1 year, enabling stratification of patients into favorable\u2010, intermediate\u2010, and unfavorable\u2010prognosis groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The median ICT was 72 days (IQR 33.65\u2013171.00). 102 patients (75.56%) experienced ICC during follow\u2010up. The final SHAP\u2010informed five\u2010variable Random Survival Forest (RSF) model demonstrated strong discriminative performance, with a validation C\u2010index of 0.8742. Time\u2010dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values for the final RSF model were 0.9352, 0.8834, and 0.8803 at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis identified five dominant, early\u2010obtainable predictors: H\u2010reflex, Lower extremity motor score (LEMS), Urinary tract infection (UTI), Time from lesion to rehabilitation facility (TLRF), Spinal cord independence measure (SCIM) bladder score. An RSF\u2010derived prognostic output generated by the final five\u2010variable RSF model stratified patients into three distinct prognostic groups: favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable prognosis, with significantly different 3\u2010month cumulative ICC incidences (97.30%, 50.23%, and 2.22%, respectively; log\u2010rank\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a novel prognostic stratification model for predicting ICC in NB patients after SCI. The model demonstrates high predictive accuracy and effective patient stratification. By leveraging an interpretable ML approach, it shows potential to assist clinicians in formulating personalized treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study protocol was prospectively registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2300073824; registered July 21, 2023).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:41:42Z","timestamp":1787553702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting Indwelling Catheter Duration in Spinal Cord Injury Patients With Neurogenic Bladder Using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5486-0156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2535-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army Lanzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linna","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yani","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7826-8969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Statistics Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-8332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7945-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University Xi'an People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002239"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000002235"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-02620-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.03.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62276-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133898"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2016.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14628"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70056"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.05.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1320335"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-03205-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802231206477"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2020.1713792"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3743"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2025.100384"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830120506"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00337.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280701265596"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.19473"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000773"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051434"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00224-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-020-0421-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2020.7303"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000003021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pbj.0000000000000056"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45391"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2025.01.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078378"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-082505"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70411","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nau.70411","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70411","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T06:41:44Z","timestamp":1787553704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.70411"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.70411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.70411","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"nau.70411"}}