{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1791567562268,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Toilet training (TT) is a critical developmental milestone with potential implications for lower urinary tract function. However, its association with the prognosis of nocturnal enuresis (NE) remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether the timing of TT initiation and completion affects 1\u2010year treatment outcomes in children with NE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 163 children diagnosed with NE between April 2020 and March 2023. Patients were classified into complete response (CR) and non\u2010CR groups based on 1\u2010year treatment outcomes. Data on TT timing, constipation, and daytime incontinence (DI) were obtained from medical records and a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses included the chi\u2010square test, Mann\u2013Whitney U test, and multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median age of the cohort was 8 years, and 66.9% of the patients were male. TT was initiated before 3 years of age in 67.5% of patients and completed before 4 years of age in 50.9%. Early TT completion was associated with a significantly lower rate of DI; however, no significant association was observed between TT timing and achievement of CR. In multivariate analysis, neither early TT initiation nor early TT completion independently predicted CR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although early TT may be associated with a reduced prevalence of DI, TT timing was not significantly associated with CR at 1 year in this cohort. Constipation and DI were associated with lower odds of CR in the exploratory multivariable analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.70452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:33:08Z","timestamp":1790242388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Toilet Training Timing and Prognosis of Nocturnal Enuresis in Children: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5420-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Endo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0230-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4444-0016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuma","family":"Iwanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9770-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisato","family":"Oyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1617-8041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Onuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3852-5219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3554-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaki","family":"Fuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Showa Medical University Fujigaoka Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5389-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuneki","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Medical Center Showa Medical University Northern Yokohama Hospital Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.110","article-title":"The Standardization of Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Function in Children and Adolescents: Update Report From the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"191","author":"Austin P. F.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.24239","article-title":"Practical Recommendations of the EAU\u2010ESPU Guidelines Committee for Monosymptomatic Enuresis Bedwetting","volume":"39","author":"Bogaert G.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurourology and Urodynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2003.04612.x","article-title":"Characteristics of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis in Adults: An Epidemiological Study","volume":"93","author":"Yeung C. K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJU International"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2019.12.020","article-title":"Management and Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis\u2010 An Updated Standardization Document From the International Children's Continence Society","volume":"16","author":"Nev\u00e9us T.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12620","article-title":"The Impact of Bowel and Bladder Problems on Children's Quality of Life and Their Parents: A Scoping Review","volume":"45","author":"Collis D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000001351","article-title":"Psychological Intervention With Parents Improves Treatment Results and Reduces Punishment in Children With Enuresis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"205","author":"S\u00e1 C. A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Urology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70195-8","article-title":"Disposable Diaper Overuse Is Associated With Primary Enuresis in Children","volume":"10","author":"Li X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","first-page":"468","article-title":"Toilet Training: Common Questions and Answers","volume":"100","author":"Baird D. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110830","article-title":"Toilet Training Children: When to Start and How to Train","volume":"184","author":"Kiddoo D. A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1097\/00004703-199410000-00009","article-title":"Behavioral Toilet Training in Early Childhood: Research, Practice, and Implications","volume":"15","author":"Luxem M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjpediatr.2015.1214","article-title":"Toilet Training Age and Influencing Factors: A Multicenter Study","volume":"57","author":"Tarhan H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.3.e48","article-title":"Sequential Acquisition of Toilet\u2010Training Skills: A Descriptive Study of Gender and Age Differences in Normal Children","volume":"109","author":"Schum T. 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C.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Pediatric Urology"}],"container-title":["Neurourology and Urodynamics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70452","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nau.70452","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nau.70452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:33:12Z","timestamp":1790242392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nau.70452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nau.70452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nau.70452","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0733-2467","1520-6777"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0733-2467","type":"print"},{"value":"1520-6777","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"nau.70452"}}