{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:40:46Z","timestamp":1761007246240,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]],"date-time":"2012-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1339372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of an asymmetric spin echo (ASE) single\u2010shot echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence for the noninvasive quantitative measurement of intrarenal <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 in humans within 20\u2009s. The reproducibility of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 measurements with the ASE\u2010EPI sequence was assessed in nine healthy young subjects in repeated studies conducted over three consecutive days. Moreover, we also evaluated whether the ASE\u2010EPI sequence\u2010measured <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 reflected the intrarenal oxygenation changes induced by furosemide in another group of normal human subjects (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200910). Different flow attenuation gradients (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090, 40 and 80\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) were utilized to examine the impact of the intravascular signal contribution on the estimation of intrarenal <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032. In the absence of flow dephasing gradients (<jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>), the computed coefficient of variation (CV) of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 was 21.31\u2009\u00b1\u20094.52%, and the estimated <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 value decreased slightly, but not statistically significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05), after the administration of furosemide in the medullary region. However, CV of <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 was much smaller in the presence of flow dephasing gradients (9.68\u2009\u00b1\u20093.58% with <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>and 10.50\u2009\u00b1\u20093.62% with <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200980\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Moreover, a significant reduction in <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 in the renal medulla was obtained (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for both <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200980\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>) after the administration of furosemide, reflecting an increase in oxygen tension in the medullary region. In addition, <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 measurements did not differ between the <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200980\u2009s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> scans, suggesting that small diffusion gradients were sufficient to minimize the intravascular signal contribution. In summary, we have demonstrated that renal <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2032 can be obtained rapidly using an ASE\u2010EPI sequence. The measurement was highly reproducible and reflected the expected intrarenal oxygenation changes induced by furosemide. Copyright \u00a9 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]],"date-time":"2012-06-11T07:53:44Z","timestamp":1339401224000},"page":"91-97","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Feasibility of noninvasive quantitative measurements of intrarenal <i>R<\/i><sub>2<\/sub>\u2032 in humans using an asymmetric spin echo echo planar imaging sequence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Peking University First Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuedong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Peking University First Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Peking University First Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Research Imaging Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Peking University  Beijing China"},{"name":"College of Engineering Peking University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199503093321006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/188671a0"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"F1059","article-title":"Determinants of intrarenal oxygenation. 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