{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:23:58Z","timestamp":1792668238369,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1382572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Disruption of the regulatory role of the kidneys leads to diverse renal pathologies; one major hallmark is inflammation and fibrosis. Conventional magnitude MRI has been used to study renal pathologies; however, the quantification or even detection of focal lesions caused by inflammation and fibrosis is challenging. We propose that quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) may be particularly sensitive for the identification of inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we applied QSM in a mouse model deficient for angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>). This model is known for graded pathologies, including focal interstitial fibrosis, cortical inflammation, glomerulocysts and inner medullary hypoplasia. We acquired high\u2010resolution MRI on kidneys from AT<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010deficient mice that were perfusion fixed with contrast agent. Two MR sequences were used (three\u2010dimensional spin echo and gradient echo) to produce three image contrasts: <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* (magnitude) and QSM. <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>* (magnitude) images were acquired to segment major renal structures and to provide landmarks for the focal lesions of inflammation and fibrosis in the three\u2010dimensional space. The volumes of major renal structures were measured to determine the relationship of the volumes to the degree of renal abnormalities and magnetic susceptibility values. Focal lesions were segmented from QSM images and were found to be closely associated with the major vessels. Susceptibilities were relatively more paramagnetic in wild\u2010type mice: 1.46\u2009\u00b1\u20090.36 in the cortex, 2.14\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94 in the outer medulla and 2.10\u2009\u00b1\u20092.80 in the inner medulla (10<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2009ppm). Susceptibilities were more diamagnetic in knockout mice: \u20137.68\u2009\u00b1\u20094.22 in the cortex, \u201311.46\u2009\u00b1\u20092.13 in the outer medulla and \u20137.57\u2009\u00b1\u20095.58 in the inner medulla (10<jats:sup>\u20132<\/jats:sup>\u2009ppm). This result was consistent with the increase in diamagnetic content, e.g. proteins and lipids, associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Focal lesions were validated with conventional histology. QSM was very sensitive in detecting pathology caused by small focal inflammation and fibrosis. QSM offers a new MR contrast mechanism to study this common disease marker in the kidney. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,24]],"date-time":"2013-10-24T02:44:47Z","timestamp":1382582687000},"page":"1853-1863","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Quantitative susceptibility mapping of kidney inflammation and fibrosis in type 1 angiotensin receptor\u2010deficient mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Sparks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Imaging and Analysis Center Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Brain Imaging and Analysis Center Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. 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