{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:05:00Z","timestamp":1791824700798,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]],"date-time":"2014-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1400630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AR50068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR50068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EB009384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EB009384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31 AG042289"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31 AG042289"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K25 AR060283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25 AR060283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000011","name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRI-0521309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRI-0521309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bone is a composite material consisting of mineral and hydrated collagen fractions. MRI of bone is challenging because of extremely short transverse relaxation times, but solid\u2010state imaging sequences exist that can acquire the short\u2010lived signal from bone tissue. Previous work to quantify bone density via MRI used powerful experimental scanners. This work seeks to establish the feasibility of MRI\u2010based measurement on clinical scanners of bone mineral and collagen\u2010bound water densities, the latter as a surrogate of matrix density, and to examine the associations of these parameters with porosity and donors\u2019 age.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mineral and matrix\u2010bound water images of reference phantoms and cortical bone from 16 human donors, aged 27\u201397\u2009years, were acquired by zero\u2010echo\u2010time 31\u2010phosphorus (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P) and 1\u2010hydrogen (<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H) MRI on whole body 7T and 3T scanners, respectively. Images were corrected for relaxation and RF inhomogeneity to obtain density maps. Cortical porosity was measured by micro\u2010computed tomography (\u03bcCT), and apparent mineral density by peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT). MRI\u2010derived densities were compared to X\u2010ray\u2010based measurements by least\u2010squares regression.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mean bone mineral <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P density was 6.74\u2009\u00b1\u20091.22\u2009mol\/l (corresponding to 1129\u2009\u00b1\u2009204\u2009mg\/cc mineral), and mean bound water <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H density was 31.3\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u2009mol\/l (corresponding to 28.3\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7 %v\/v). Both <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P and bound water (BW) densities were correlated negatively with porosity (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005; BW: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.63, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0005) and age (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.39, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05; BW: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.70, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), and positively with pQCT density (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.46, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05; BW: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\u2009=\u20090.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). In contrast, the bone mineralization ratio (expressed here as the ratio of <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P density to bound water density), which is proportional to true bone mineralization, was found to be uncorrelated with porosity, age or pQCT density.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This work establishes the feasibility of image\u2010based quantification of bone mineral and bound water densities using clinical hardware. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]],"date-time":"2014-05-21T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1400637468000},"page":"739-748","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Bone mineral <sup>31<\/sup>P and matrix\u2010bound water densities measured by solid\u2010state <sup>31<\/sup>P and <sup>1<\/sup>H MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Alan C.","family":"Seifert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamith S.","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Bashoor\u2010Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf A.","family":"Bhagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babette S.","family":"Zemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of GI, Hepatology, and Nutrition Children's Hospital of Philadelphia  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonios","family":"Zavaliangos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering Drexel University  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix W.","family":"Wehrli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Structural NMR Imaging, Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0248(81)90058-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1998.13.1.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.429638"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2012.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"Lindsay R","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2009.01.261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01673403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(69)90036-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00460-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1513161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910250102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.01.372"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2010.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","author":"Tsai P\u2010H","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22637"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2011.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24186"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2930"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24497"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21341"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using NFFT 3\u2010\u2010\u2010a software library for various nonequispaced fast Fourier transforms","author":"Keiner J","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22357"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.4.000629"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910400615"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22459"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10512"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.1709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0957\u20100233\/18\/3\/022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.09.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20926"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23267"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00170-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(97)00227-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910370404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1994.1740","article-title":"A unique protonated phosphate group in bone mineral not present in synthetic calcium phosphates. Identification by phosphorus\u201031 solid state NMR spectroscopy","volume":"244","author":"Wu Y","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1078470"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-008-9115-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2482071995"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-195739010-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.0301227"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/03008200290000934","article-title":"Changes in Bone Remodeling Rate Influence the Degree of Mineralization of Bone","volume":"43","author":"Boivin G","year":"2002","journal-title":"Connect. Tissue Res."}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fnbm.3107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.3107","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:52:14Z","timestamp":1760953934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.3107"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.3107"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.3107","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,21]]}}}