{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:07Z","timestamp":1781827207866,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,2]],"date-time":"2014-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004340","name":"Siemens USA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004340","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL104118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL104118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 HL118539"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 HL118539"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The field of proton lung MRI is advancing on a variety of fronts. In the realm of functional imaging, it is now possible to use arterial spin labeling (ASL) and oxygen\u2010enhanced imaging techniques to quantify regional perfusion and ventilation, respectively, in standard units of measurement. By combining these techniques into a single scan, it is also possible to quantify the local ventilation\u2013perfusion ratio, which is the most important determinant of gas\u2010exchange efficiency in the lung. To demonstrate potential for accurate and meaningful measurements of lung function, this technique was used to study gravitational gradients of ventilation, perfusion, and ventilation\u2013perfusion ratio in healthy subjects, yielding quantitative results consistent with expected regional variations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Such techniques can also be applied in the time domain, providing new tools for studying temporal dynamics of lung function. Temporal ASL measurements showed increased spatial\u2013temporal heterogeneity of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects exposed to hypoxia, suggesting sensitivity to active control mechanisms such as hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and illustrating that to fully examine the factors that govern lung function it is necessary to consider temporal as well as spatial variability. Further development to increase spatial coverage and improve robustness would enhance the clinical applicability of these new functional imaging tools.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the realm of structural imaging, pulse sequence techniques such as ultrashort echo\u2010time radial <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2010space acquisition, ultrafast steady\u2010state free precession, and imaging\u2010based diaphragm triggering can be combined to overcome the significant challenges associated with proton MRI in the lung, enabling high\u2010quality three\u2010dimensional imaging of the whole lung in a clinically reasonable scan time. Images of healthy and cystic fibrosis subjects using these techniques demonstrate substantial promise for non\u2010contrast pulmonary angiography and detailed depiction of airway disease. Although there is opportunity for further optimization, such approaches to structural lung imaging are ready for clinical testing. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,3]],"date-time":"2014-07-03T00:47:46Z","timestamp":1404348466000},"page":"1542-1556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Advances in functional and structural imaging of the human lung using proton MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"G. 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