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Failure to perform this function appropriately may lead to lung disease progression, including systemic aspects of these disorders. In this study, we experimentally probe the response of the isolated, perfused organ to varying glycolytic intermediate (pyruvate and lactate) concentrations, and the effect on the apparent metabolism of hyperpolarized 1\u2010<jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C pyruvate. Twenty\u2010four separate conditions were studied, from sub\u2010physiological to super\u2010physiological concentrations of each metabolite. A three\u2010compartment model is developed, which accurately matches the full range of experiments and includes a full account of evolution of agent concentration and polarization. The model is then refined using a series of approximations which are shown to be applicable to cases of physiological relevance, and which facilitate an intuitive understanding of the saturation and scaling behavior. Perturbations of the model assumptions are used to determine the sensitivity to input parameter estimates, and finally the model is used to examine the relationship between measurements accessible by NMR and the underlying physiological parameters of interest. Based on the observed scaling of lactate labeling with lactate and pyruvate concentrations, we conclude that the level of hyperpolarized lactate signal in the lung is primarily determined by the rate at which NAD<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> is reduced to NADH. Further, although weak dependences on other factors are predicted, the modeled NAD<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> reduction rate is largely governed by the intracellular lactate pool size. Conditions affecting the lactate pool can therefore be expected to display the highest contrast in hyperpolarized <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010pyruvate imaging. The work is intended to serve as a basis both to interpret the signal dynamics of hyperpolarized measurements in the normal lung and to understand the cause of alterations seen in a variety of disease and exposure models. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]],"date-time":"2014-10-20T07:18:25Z","timestamp":1413789505000},"page":"1557-1570","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The effect of exogenous substrate concentrations on true and apparent metabolism of hyperpolarized pyruvate in the isolated perfused lung"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Kadlecek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoora","family":"Shaghaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmad","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harrilla","family":"Profka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Pourfathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahim","family":"Rizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006070"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909049106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10101921"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24525"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1650"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2020573"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"E532","article-title":"Evaluation of the isotopic equilibration between lactate and pyruvate","volume":"254","author":"Wolfe RR","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. 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