{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T10:04:34Z","timestamp":1778839474827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HL089064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HL089064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether regional alveolar oxygen tension (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) vertical gradients imaged with hyperpolarized <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>He can identify smoking\u2010induced pulmonary alterations. These gradients are compared with common clinical measurements including pulmonary function tests (PFTs), the six minute walk test, and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire.<\/jats:p><jats:p>8 healthy non\u2010smokers, 12 asymptomatic smokers, and 7 symptomatic subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) underwent two sets of back\u2010to\u2010back <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> imaging acquisitions in the supine position in two opposite directions (top to bottom and bottom to top), followed by clinically standard pulmonary tests. The whole\u2010lung mean, standard deviation (D<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) and vertical gradients of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> along the slices were extracted, and the results were compared with clinically derived metrics. Statistical tests were performed to analyze the differences between cohorts.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The anterior\u2013posterior vertical gradients and D<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> effectively differentiated all three cohorts (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). The average vertical gradient <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in healthy subjects was \u22121.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51\u2009Torr\/cm toward lower values in the posterior\/dependent regions. The directional gradient was absent in smokers (0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20091.22\u2009Torr\/cm) and was in the opposite direction in COPD subjects (2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20091.54\u2009Torr\/cm). The vertical gradients correlated with smoking history (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.004); body mass index (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.037), PFT metrics (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.025; residual volume\/total lung capacity percent predicted, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.033) and with distance walked in 6 min (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.009).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Regional <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> data indicate that cigarette smoke induces physiological alterations that are not being detected by the most widely used physiological tests. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]],"date-time":"2014-11-14T02:27:49Z","timestamp":1415932069000},"page":"1439-1450","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Vertical gradients in regional alveolar oxygen tension in supine human lung imaged by hyperpolarized <sup>3<\/sup>He MRI"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Hooman","family":"Hamedani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoora","family":"Shaghaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Kadlecek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarmad","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennia","family":"Rajaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masaru","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Rossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Johns Hopkins University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA, Baltimore, MD USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahim R.","family":"Rizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia PA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.12.10102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22378"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22375"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23125"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21416"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200006)13:4<194::AID-NBM643>3.0.CO;2-D"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0778-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24604"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2763"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24582"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"KirbyM.Pulmonary structure and function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease evaluated using hyperpolarized noble gas magnetic resonance imaging. Thesis 2013. http:\/\/ir.lib.uwo.ca\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2492&context=etd"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24181"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00092.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011912107"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00323.x","article-title":"Spatial distribution of ventilation and perfusion: mechanisms and regulation","volume":"1","author":"Glenny RW","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-304254"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.065185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00220.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2005.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21205"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","first-page":"783","article-title":"The six\u2010minute walk test","volume":"48","author":"Enright PL","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resp. Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0954-6111(06)80166-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.52.862"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(87)80186-X"},{"issue":"285","key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray\u2010level histograms","volume":"11","author":"Otsu N.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1962.17.6.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","first-page":"405","article-title":"Distribution of blood flow and ventilation\u2013perfusion ratio in the lung, measured with radioactive carbon dioxide Appl","volume":"15","author":"West JB","year":"1960","journal-title":"Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2011.tb00323.x","article-title":"Spatial distribution of ventilation and perfusion: mechanisms and regulation","volume":"1","author":"Glenny RW","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1966.21.3.767"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1963.18.3.519","article-title":"Relation between anatomic respiratory dead space and body size and lung volume","volume":"18","author":"Hart MC","year":"1963","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","unstructured":"R Development Core Team.R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna. http:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org 9 October [2009]."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Elastic recoil of the lung in cigarette smokers: the effect of nebulized bronchodilator and cessation of smoking","volume":"119","author":"Michaels R","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01289.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/137.2.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"495","article-title":"Regional lung function in patients with chronic bronchitis","volume":"35","author":"Anthonisen NR","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5705.330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.02.00245902"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2011-200864"}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fnbm.3227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.3227","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:21:10Z","timestamp":1760959270000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.3227"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.3227"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.3227","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,14]]}}}