{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:03:05Z","timestamp":1763704985972,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,7]],"date-time":"2014-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#31003A-132935","#310030-149779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#31003A-132935","#310030-149779"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P MRS magnetization transfer (<jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P\u2010MT) experiments allow the estimation of exchange rates of biochemical reactions, such as the creatine kinase equilibrium and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. Although various <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P\u2010MT methods have been successfully used on isolated organs or animals, their application on humans in clinical scanners poses specific challenges. This study compared two major <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P\u2010MT methods on a clinical MR system using heteronuclear surface coils. Although saturation transfer (ST) is the most commonly used <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P\u2010MT method, sequences such as inversion transfer (IT) with short pulses might be better suited for the specific hardware and software limitations of a clinical scanner. In addition, small NMR\u2010undetectable metabolite pools can transfer MT to NMR\u2010visible pools during long saturation pulses, which is prevented with short pulses. <jats:sup>31<\/jats:sup>P\u2010MT sequences were adapted for limited pulse length, for heteronuclear transmit\u2013receive surface coils with inhomogeneous <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, for the need for volume selection and for the inherently low signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (SNR) on a clinical 3\u2010T MR system. The ST and IT sequences were applied to skeletal muscle and liver in 10 healthy volunteers. Monte\u2010Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the behavior of the IT measurements with increasing imperfections. In skeletal muscle of the thigh, ATP synthesis resulted in forward reaction constants (<jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>) of 0.074 \u00b10.022 s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (ST) and 0.137 \u00b10.042 s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (IT), whereas the creatine kinase reaction yielded 0.459 \u00b10.089 s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (IT). In the liver, ATP synthesis resulted in <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.267 \u00b10.106 s<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> (ST), whereas the IT experiment yielded no consistent results. ST results were close to literature values; however, the IT results were either much larger than the corresponding ST values and\/or were widely scattered. To summarize, ST and IT experiments can both be implemented on a clinical body scanner with heteronuclear transmit\u2013receive surface coils; however, ST results are much more robust against experimental imperfections than the current implementation of IT. Copyright \u00a9 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,9]],"date-time":"2014-12-09T00:42:20Z","timestamp":1418085740000},"page":"188-199","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparison of <sup>31<\/sup>P saturation and inversion magnetization transfer in human liver and skeletal muscle using a clinical MR system and surface coils"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tania","family":"Buehler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology University of Bern  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Kreis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology University of Bern  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-8543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Boesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Clinical Research and Radiology University of Bern  Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1734121"},{"volume-title":"Vivo NMR Spectroscopy: Principles and Techniques","year":"1999","author":"De Graaf RA","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0558"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031314"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082889"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00797.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00345.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00100.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-1725"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00200.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.9.3627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00341a035"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1982.242.1.C1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80674-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb32910.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2728(87)90043-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(00)76269-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910050102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910260111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910070107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00437a054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22347"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10426"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365517409082477"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(77)90200-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02668096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1997.1244"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2364(91)90250-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmr.10007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"2565","article-title":"Localized 31P saturation transfer reveals differences in gastrocnemius and soleus rates of ATP synthesis in\u2010vivo","volume":"16","author":"Befroy DE","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. 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