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Several imaging studies with MRI have demonstrated that cyst size in polycystic kidneys can determine disease severity and progression. In the present study, we found that, although kidney volume and cyst volume decreased with drug treatment, renal function did not improve with treatment. Here, we applied dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced MRI to study PKD in a Glis3 (GLI\u2010similar 3)\u2010deficient mouse model. Cysts from this model have a wide range of sizes and develop at an early age. To capture this crucial stage and assess cysts in detail, we imaged during early development (3\u201317 weeks) and applied high spatiotemporal resolution MRI (125\u2009\u00d7\u2009125\u2009\u00d7\u2009125\u2009cubic microns every 7.7\u2009s). A drug treatment with rapamycin (also known as sirolimus) was applied to determine whether disease progression could be halted. The effect and synergy (interaction) of aging and treatment were evaluated using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Structural measurements, including kidney volume, cyst volume and cyst\u2010to\u2010kidney volume ratio, changed significantly with age. Drug treatment significantly decreased these metrics. Functional measurements of time\u2010to\u2010peak (TTP) mean and TTP variance were determined. TTP mean did not change with age, whereas TTP variance increased with age. Treatment with rapamycin generally did not affect these functional metrics. Synergistic effects of treatment and age were not found for any measurements. Together, the size and volume ratio of cysts decreased with drug treatment, whereas renal function remained the same. The quantification of renal structure and function with MRI can comprehensively assess the pathophysiology of PKD and response to treatment. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,24]],"date-time":"2015-03-24T17:18:20Z","timestamp":1427217500000},"page":"546-554","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["4D MRI of polycystic kidneys from rapamycin\u2010treated Glis3\u2010deficient mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Luke","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ergys","family":"Subashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"},{"name":"Medical Physics Graduate Program Duke University Medical Center  Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Miller\u2010DeGraff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton M.","family":"Jetten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cell Biology Section, Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. 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