{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T01:00:57Z","timestamp":1783645257011,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,19]],"date-time":"2015-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1439942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EB-011968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EB-011968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA-140102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-140102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NS-052519"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS-052519"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>(+\/\u2212)3,4\u2010methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, \u201cecstasy\u201d) is an abused psychostimulant that produces strong monoaminergic stimulation and whole\u2010body hyperthermia. MDMA\u2010induced thermogenesis involves activation of uncoupling proteins (UCPs), primarily a type specific to skeletal muscle (UCP\u20103) and absent from the brain, although other UCP types are expressed in the brain (e.g. thalamus) and might contribute to thermogenesis. Since neuroimaging of brain temperature could provide insights into MDMA action, we measured spatial distributions of systemically administered MDMA\u2010induced temperature changes and dynamics in rat cortex and subcortex using a novel magnetic resonance method, Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS), with an exogenous temperature\u2010sensitive probe (thulium ion and macrocyclic chelate 1,4,7,10\u2010tetraazacyclododecane\u20101,4,7,10\u2010tetramethyl\u20101,4,7,10\u2010tetraacetate (DOTMA<jats:sup>4\u2212<\/jats:sup>)). The MDMA\u2010induced temperature rise was greater in the cortex than in the subcortex (1.6 \u00b1 0.4 \u00b0C versus 1.3 \u00b1 0.4 \u00b0C) and occurred more rapidly (2.0 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b0C\/h versus 1.5 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b0C\/h). MDMA\u2010induced temperature changes and dynamics in the cortex and body were correlated, although the body temperature exceeded the cortex temperature before and after MDMA. Temperature, neuronal activity, and blood flow (CBF) were measured simultaneously in the cortex and subcortex (i.e. thalamus) to investigate possible differences of MDMA\u2010induced warming across brain regions. MDMA\u2010induced warming correlated with increases in neuronal activity and blood flow in the cortex, suggesting that the normal neurovascular response to increased neural activity was maintained. In contrast to the cortex, a biphasic relationship was seen in the subcortex (i.e. thalamus), with a decline in CBF as temperature and neural activity rose, transitioning to a rise in CBF for temperature above 37 \u00b0C, suggesting that MDMA affected CBF and neurovascular coupling differently in subcortical regions. Considering that MDMA effects on CBF and heat dissipation (as well as potential heat generation) may vary regionally, neuroprotection may require different cooling strategies. 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