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This study used hyperpolarized <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010pyruvate to assess metabolic parameters in a CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> model of liver damage in rats. Dynamic 3D <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C chemical shift imaging data from a volume covering kidney and liver were acquired from 8 control and 10 CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated rats. At 12 time points at 5 s temporal resolution, we quantified the signal intensities and established time courses for pyruvate, alanine, and lactate. These measurements were compared with standard liver histology and an alanine transaminase (ALT) enzyme assay using liver tissue from the same animals. All CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated but none of the control animals showed histological liver damage and elevated ALT enzyme levels. In agreement with these results, metabolic imaging revealed an increased alanine\/pyruvate ratio in liver of CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated rats, which is indicative of elevated ALT activity. Similarly, lactate\/pyruvate ratios were higher in CCl<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\u2010treated compared with control animals, demonstrating the presence of inflammation. No significant differences in metabolite ratios were observed in kidney or vasculature. Thus this work shows that metabolic imaging using <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C\u2010pyruvate can be a successful tool to non\u2010invasively assess liver damage <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T08:40:19Z","timestamp":1444984819000},"page":"1671-1677","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Assessing inflammatory liver injury in an acute CCl<sub>4<\/sub> model using dynamic 3D metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [1\u2010<sup>13<\/sup>C]pyruvate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sonal","family":"Josan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SRI International Neuroscience Program  Menlo Park CA USA"},{"name":"Stanford University Department of Radiology  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelvin","family":"Billingsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Radiology  Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"San Francisco State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry  San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Orduna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRI International Neuroscience Program  Menlo Park CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Mo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Radiology  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Luong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Comparative Medicine  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Department of Animal and Avian Sciences  College Park MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Hurd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GE Healthcare Applied Sciences Laboratory  Menlo Park CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolf","family":"Pfefferbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRI International Neuroscience Program  Menlo Park CA USA"},{"name":"Stanford University Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Spielman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University Department of Radiology  Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SRI International Neuroscience Program  Menlo Park CA USA"},{"name":"Stanford University Department of Radiology  Stanford CA USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1733835100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.101102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21650"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1616"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.112.110825"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-1914"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29162"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"4380","article-title":"Acute liver failure studied by hyperpolarized 1,4\u201013C2\u2010fumarate in CCl4 injured rat liver","volume":"17","author":"Zandt R","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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