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In this study, 13 NMO spectrum disorder patients (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) of 3.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7, ranging from 2 to 6.5; disease duration of 5.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.7\u00a0years), 17 relapsing\u2013remitting MS patients (EDSS of 2.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.4, ranging from 1 to 5.5; disease duration of 7.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.8\u00a0years) and 18 healthy volunteers were recruited. Diffusional kurtosis imaging was employed to discriminate NMO and MS patients at the early or stable stage from each other, and from healthy volunteers. The presence of alterations in diffusion and diffusional kurtosis metrics in normal\u2010appearing white matter (NAWM) and diffusely increased mean diffusivity (MD) in the cortical normal\u2010appearing gray matter (NAGM) favors the diagnosis of MS rather than NMO. Meanwhile, normal diffusivities and kurtosis metrics in all NAWM as well as increases in MD in the frontal and temporal NAGM suggest NMO. Our results suggest that diffusion and diffusional kurtosis metrics may well aid in discriminating the two diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,7]],"date-time":"2016-09-07T13:42:47Z","timestamp":1473255767000},"page":"1536-1545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Application of diffusional kurtosis imaging to detect occult brain damage in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Wenshu","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koon Ho","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward 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