{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:21:00Z","timestamp":1791973260514,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1478131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying muscle water <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water) independently of intramuscular fat content is essential in establishing <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water as an outcome measure for imminent new therapy trials in neuromuscular diseases. IDEAL\u2010CPMG combines chemical shift fat\u2013water separation with <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxometry to obtain such a measure. Here we evaluate the reproducibility and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> sensitivity of IDEAL\u2010CPMG <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and fat fraction (f.f.) values in healthy subjects, and demonstrate the potential of the method to quantify <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water variation in diseased muscle displaying varying degrees of fatty infiltration.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The calf muscles of 11 healthy individuals (40.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.2\u00a0years) were scanned twice at 3\u00a0T with an inter\u2010scan interval of 4\u00a0weeks using IDEAL\u2010CPMG, and 12 patients with hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP) (42.3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.5\u00a0years) were also imaged. An exponential was fitted to the signal decay of the separated water and fat components to determine <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and the fat signal amplitude muscle regions manually segmented.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Overall mean calf\u2010level muscle <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water in healthy subjects was 31.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.0\u00a0ms, without significant inter\u2010muscle differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.37). Inter\u2010subject and inter\u2010scan coefficients of variation were 5.7% and 3.2% respectively for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and 41.1% and 15.4% for f.f. Bland\u2013Altman mean bias and \u00b195% coefficients of repeatability were for <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water (0.15, \u22122.65, 2.95) ms and f.f. (\u22120.02, \u22121.99, 2.03)%. There was no relationship between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.16, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.07) or f.f. (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.03, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.7761) and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> error or any correlation between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and f.f. in the healthy subjects (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.07, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.40). In HypoPP there was a measurable relationship between <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and f.f. (\u03c1\u00a0=\u00a00.59, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p>IDEAL\u2010CPMG provides a feasible way to quantify <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water in muscle that is reproducible and sensitive to meaningful physiological changes without <jats:italic>post hoc<\/jats:italic> modeling of the fat contribution. In patients, IDEAL\u2010CPMG measured elevations in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010water and f.f. while showing a weak relationship between these parameters, thus showing promise as a practical means of quantifying muscle water in patient populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,3]],"date-time":"2016-11-03T10:37:30Z","timestamp":1478169450000},"page":"1800-1812","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Stability and sensitivity of water <i>T<\/i><sub>2<\/sub> obtained with IDEAL\u2010CPMG in healthy and fat\u2010infiltrated skeletal muscle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Christopher D.J.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Neurology, MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases  London WC1N 3BG UK"},{"name":"UCL Institute of Neurology, Neuroradiological Academic Unit  London WC1N 3BG 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