{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T04:08:25Z","timestamp":1767845305472,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,24]],"date-time":"2017-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"EU Horizon 2020 collaborative project IDentIFY","award":["668119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["668119"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>NMR experiments carried out at magnetic fields below 1\u00a0T provide new relaxation parameters unavailable with conventional clinical scanners. Contrast of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> generally becomes larger towards low fields, as slow molecular reorientation processes dominate relaxation at the corresponding Larmor frequencies. This advantage has to be considered in the context of lower sensitivity and frequently reduced spatial resolution. The layered structure of cartilage is one example where a particularly strong variation of <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> across the tissue occurs, being affected by degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). Furthermore, the presence of <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H\u2010<jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\u00a0N cross\u2010relaxation, leading to so\u2010called quadrupolar dips in the <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H relaxation time dispersion, provide insight into the concentration and mobility of proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage, both being affected by OA.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In this study, low\u2010field imaging and variable\u2010field NMR relaxometry were combined for the first time for tissue samples, employing unidirectional load to probe the mechanical properties. 20 human knee cartilage samples were placed in a compression cell, and studied by determining relaxation profiles without and with applied pressure (0.6\u00a0MPa) at 50\u00a0\u03bcm in\u2010plane resolution, and comparing with volume\u2010averaged <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> dispersion. Samples were subsequently stored in formalin, prepared for histology and graded according to the Mankin score system.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Quadrupolar dips and thickness change under load showed the strongest correlation with Mankin grade. Average <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> and change of maximum <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> under load, as well as its position, correlate with thickness and thickness change. Furthermore, <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>(<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>) above 25 mT was found to correlate with thickness change. While volume\u2010averaged <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> is not a suitable indicator for OA, its change due to mechanical load and its extreme values are suggested as biomarkers available in low\u2010field MRI systems. The shape of the dispersion <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>(<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>) represents a promising access to understanding and quantifying molecular dynamics in tissue, pointing toward future <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> tissue studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T12:45:33Z","timestamp":1495716333000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Correlations of low\u2010field NMR and variable\u2010field NMR parameters with osteoarthritis in human articular cartilage under load"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Erik","family":"R\u00f6ssler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Physics II TU Ilmenau  Ilmenau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Mattea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Physics II TU Ilmenau  Ilmenau Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simo","family":"Saarakkala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology University of Oulu  P.O. 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