{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:40:57Z","timestamp":1760985657452,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]],"date-time":"2018-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 105\u20102314\u2010B\u2010016 \u2010024 \u2010MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 105\u20102314\u2010B\u2010016 \u2010024 \u2010MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate proton changes of the parotid gland after gustatory stimulation by semi\u2010quantitative parameters and an empirical mathematical model (EMM) using high\u2010temporal\u2010resolution, double\u2010echo, echo\u2010planar imaging (EPI). Approved by a local institutional review board, this study examined 20 parotid glands from 10 healthy volunteers (male:female = 6: 4; age \u00b1 standard deviation =35.1 \u00b1 14.1\u00a0years) with written informed consent obtained. All participants underwent 1.5\u2010T, double\u2010echo EPI with gustatory stimulation. Semi\u2010quantitative parameters, including maximal drop ratio (MDR), time to peak (TTP), drop slope (DS), recovery slope (RS) and recovery ratio (RR), were calculated. The effect of temporal resolution on parotid functional parameters was evaluated. An EMM comprising an output function (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm3885-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm3885:nbm3885-math-0001\"\/>) and an input function (\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm3885-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm3885:nbm3885-math-0002\"\/>) was also applied to fit all dynamic curves. Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, Wilcoxon test, linear regression analysis and goodness of fit were used for statistical analysis. <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The signal intensity dropped significantly after gustatory stimulation on the proton density (PD) image (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.01). MDR was 8.26% in the PD image. MDR and RR were negatively associated with time interval, whereas DS and TTP were significantly positively associated with time interval (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). EMM parametric values derived from PD\u2013time curves of parotid glands were 12.04 \u00b1 6.81%, 6.43 \u00b1 4.23\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, 88.73 \u00b1 6.18%, 8.41 \u00b1 4.86\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> and 1.09 \u00b1 1.35 for <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>in<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>in<\/jats:sub>, respectively. Semi\u2010quantitative functional parameters and EMM parameters using high\u2010temporal\u2010resolution, double\u2010echo EPI allow the quantification of parotid proton changes after gustatory stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:56:42Z","timestamp":1515545802000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proton change of parotid glands after gustatory stimulation examined by magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Jui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatic Control Engineering Feng Chia University  Taichung Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Hsiung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Electrical and Communication Engineering Feng Chia University  Taichung Taiwan Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hing\u2010Chiu","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui\u2010Chu","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program of Technology Management Chung Hua University  Hsinchu Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ta\u2010Wei","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry National Defense Medical Center  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Ming","family":"Pen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD Program in Electrical and Communication Engineering Feng Chia University  Taichung Taiwan Republic of China"},{"name":"Da Vinci Minimally Invasive Surgery Center Chung Shan Medical University Hospital  Taichung Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsian\u2010He","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology National Defense Medical Center  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5219-0406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun\u2010Jung","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tri\u2010Service General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology National Defense Medical Center  Taipei Taiwan Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e328339bdf6","article-title":"Quantitative and visual evaluation of salivary and thyroid glands in patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome using salivary gland scintigraphy: relationship with clinicopathological features of salivary, lacrimal and thyroid glands","volume":"31","author":"Gune S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucl Med Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1705-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-0820-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2005.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0b013e328362b1f2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.03.005"},{"issue":"305","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sparing the region of the salivary gland containing stem cells preserves saliva production after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer","volume":"7","author":"Luijk P","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.09.017","article-title":"Radioprotective effect of lidocaine on function and ultrastructure of salivary glands receiving fractionated radiation","volume":"82","author":"Hakim SG","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"Quantitative functional exploration of the salivary glands. 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