{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:24:59Z","timestamp":1783574699338,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Structural high\u2010resolution imaging of the brainstem can be of high importance in clinical practice. However, ultra\u2010high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is still restricted in use due to limited availability. Therefore, quantitative MRI techniques (quantitative susceptibility mapping [QSM], relaxation measurements [\n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm4118-math-0001.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm4118:nbm4118-math-0001\"\/>, <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>], diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]) and <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010 and proton density (PD)\u2010weighted imaging in the human brainstem at 3 T and 7\u00a0T are compared.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Five healthy volunteers (mean age: 21.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9\u00a0years) were measured at 3 T and 7\u00a0T using multi\u2010echo gradient echo sequences for susceptibility mapping and \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm4118-math-0002.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm4118:nbm4118-math-0002\"\/> relaxometry, magnetization\u2010prepared 2 rapid acquisition gradient echo sequences for <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> relaxometry, turbo\u2010spin echo sequences for PD\u2010 and <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010weighted imaging and readout\u2010segmented echo planar sequences for DTI. Susceptibility maps were computed using Laplacian\u2010based phase unwrapping, V\u2010SHARP for background field removal and the streaking artifact reduction for QSM algorithm for dipole inversion. Contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratios (CNRs) were determined at 3 T and 7\u00a0T in ten volumes of interest (VOIs).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Data acquired at 7\u00a0T showed higher CNR. However, in four VOIs, lower CNR was observed for \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm4118-math-0003.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm4118:nbm4118-math-0003\"\/> at 7\u00a0T. QSM was shown to be the contrast with which the highest number of structures could be identified. The depiction of very fine tracts such as the medial longitudinal fasciculus throughout the brainstem was only possible in susceptibility maps acquired at 7\u00a0T. DTI effectively showed the main tracts (crus cerebri, transverse pontine fibers, corticospinal tract, middle and superior cerebellar peduncle, pontocerebellar tract, and pyramid) at both field strengths.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Assessing the brainstem with quantitative MRI methods such as QSM, \n<jats:inline-graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/nbm4118-math-0004.png\" xlink:title=\"urn:x-wiley:09523480:media:nbm4118:nbm4118-math-0004\"\/>, as well as PD\u2010 and <jats:styled-content><jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010weighted imaging with great detail, is also possible at 3\u00a0T, especially when using susceptibility mapping calculated from a gradient echo sequence with a wide range of echo times from 10.5 to 52.5\u00a0ms. However, tracing smallest structures strongly benefits from imaging at ultra\u2010high field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T04:06:07Z","timestamp":1562645167000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Mapping the human brainstem: Brain nuclei and fiber tracts at 3 T and 7 T"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9167-8778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sina","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin R.","family":"Knowles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics in Radiology German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)  Heidelberg 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