{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:36:09Z","timestamp":1790422569602,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Arterial transit time (ATT) prolongation causes an error of cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement during arterial spin labeling (ASL). To improve the accuracy of ATT and CBF in patients with prolonged ATT, we propose a robust ATT and CBF estimation method for clinical practice. The proposed method consists of a three\u2010delay Hadamard\u2010encoded pseudo\u2010continuous ASL (H\u2010pCASL) with an additional\u2010encoding and single\u2010delay with long\u2010labeled long\u2010delay (1dLLLD) acquisition. The additional\u2010encoding allows for the reconstruction of a single\u2010delay image with long\u2010labeled short\u2010delay (1dLLSD) in addition to the normal Hadamard sub\u2010bolus images. Five different images (normal Hadamard 3 delay, 1dLLSD, 1dLLLD) were reconstructed to calculate ATT and CBF. A Monte Carlo simulation and an in vivo study were performed to access the accuracy of the proposed method in comparison to normal 7\u2010delay (7d) H\u2010pCASL with equally divided sub\u2010bolus labeling duration (LD). The simulation showed that the accuracy of CBF is strongly affected by ATT. It was also demonstrated that underestimation of ATT and CBF by 7d H\u2010pCASL was higher with longer ATT than with the proposed method. Consistent with the simulation, the 7d H\u2010pCASL significantly underestimated the ATT compared to that of the proposed method. This underestimation was evident in the distal anterior cerebral artery (ACA; P = 0.0394) and the distal posterior cerebral artery (PCA; 2 P = 0.0255). Similar to the ATT, the CBF was underestimated with 7d H\u2010pCASL in the distal ACA (P = 0.0099), distal middle cerebral artery (P = 0.0109), and distal PCA (P = 0.0319) compared to the proposed method. Improving the SNR of each delay image (even though the number of delays is small) is crucial for ATT estimation. This is opposed to acquiring many delays with short LD. The proposed method confers accurate ATT and CBF estimation within a practical acquisition time in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T04:14:39Z","timestamp":1589861679000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Robust arterial transit time and cerebral blood flow estimation using combined acquisition of Hadamard\u2010encoded multi\u2010delay and long\u2010labeled long\u2010delay pseudo\u2010continuous arterial spin labeling: a simulation and in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0728-8057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shota","family":"Ishida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiological Center University of Fukui Hospital  Eiheiji Fukui 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