{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1789098323482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00\u2010EB022634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00\u2010EB022634"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010EB002524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010EB002524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010AR0063643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010AR0063643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010AR074492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010AR074492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The dynamic contrast\u2010enhanced (DCE)\u2010MRI parameter <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> can quantify the intensity of synovial inflammation (synovitis) in knees with osteoarthritis (OA), but requires the use of gadolinium\u2010based contrast agent (GBCA). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measures the diffusion of water molecules with parameters mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA), and has been proposed as a method to detect synovial inflammation without the use of GBCA. The purpose of this study is to (1) determine the ability of DTI to quantify the intensity of synovitis in OA by comparing MD and FA with our imaging gold standard <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> within the synovium and (2) compare DTI and DCE\u2010MRI measures with the semi\u2010quantitative grading of OA severity with the Kellgren\u2010Lawrence (KL) and MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score (MOAKS) systems, in order to assess the relationship between synovitis intensity and OA severity.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Within the synovium, MD showed a significant positive correlation with <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.79, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), while FA showed a significant negative correlation with <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009\u22120.72, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.0026). These results show that DTI is able to quantify the intensity of synovitis within the whole synovium without the use of exogenous contrast agent. Additionally, MD, FA, and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> values did not vary significantly when knees were separated by KL grade (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.15, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.32, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.41, respectively), while MD (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.60, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.018) and <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic><jats:sup>trans<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.62, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.013) had a significant positive correlation and FA (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009\u22120.53, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u20090.043) had a negative correlation with MOAKS. These comparisons indicate that quantitative measures of the intensity of synovitis may provide information in addition to morphological assessment to evaluate OA severity. Using DTI to quantify the intensity of synovitis without GBCA may be helpful to facilitate a broader clinical assessment of the severity of OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T20:49:40Z","timestamp":1632257380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gadolinium\u2010free assessment of synovitis using diffusion tensor imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halston J. C.","family":"Sandford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"MacKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School University of East Anglia  Norwich UK"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garry E.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Stanford University  Stanford California"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feliks","family":"Kogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mazzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Stanford University  Stanford California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-017-1229-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30471"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2005.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11422"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1078\/0344-0338-5710261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07698-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2586(199909)10:3<223::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131669"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000273"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1695690"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3495(94)80775-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2012.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken499"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4876-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020191685"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.16.4.494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27045"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910050502"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000132"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20636"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2014.00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2009.2035616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Fast parallel image registration on CPU and GPU for diagnostic classification of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"7","author":"Shamonin DP","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","unstructured":"R Core TeamR: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2020. Accessed October 1 2020.https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2019.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-08025-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02436-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.02.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28579"}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.4614","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nbm.4614","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.4614","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T14:47:47Z","timestamp":1760971667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.4614"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.4614"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.4614","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e4614"}}