{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T01:54:23Z","timestamp":1782784463027,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of echo time dependence in IVIM quantification of the pseudo\u2010diffusion fraction in breast cancer and whether correcting for the echo time dependence offers added clinical value.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold> Fifteen patients with biopsy\u2010proven breast cancer underwent a 3\u2009T MRI examination with an extended DWI protocol at two different echo times (<jats:italic>TE<\/jats:italic> = 53 ms, <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> = 0, 50 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>TE<\/jats:italic> = 77 ms, <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> = 0, 50, 120, 200, 400, 700 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Volumes of interest were delineated around the tumors. In addition, simulated MRI data were generated for different levels of signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratio and two values for the blood <jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic> relaxation time (<jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> = 100 ms and 150 ms). The pseudo\u2010diffusion signal fraction was estimated from the simulated and in vivo tumor data using both the standard IVIM model and an extended IVIM model that accounts for the echo time dependence arising from distinct transverse relaxation times.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Simulations showed that the standard IVIM model overestimated the pseudo\u2010diffusion fraction by 25% (<jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> = 100 ms) and 60 % (<jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub> = 150 ms) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001 at SNR = 50). In vivo, the estimated apparent <jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic> value at <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> = 50 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was around 8% lower than at <jats:italic>b<\/jats:italic> = 0 s\/mm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.01) demonstrating a removal of the signal contribution from blood with long <jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic> associated with pseudo\u2010diffusion. Using two different fixed values for <jats:italic>T2<\/jats:italic><jats:italic><jats:sub>p<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> = 100, 150 ms, the pseudo\u2010diffusion fraction was 15% and 46% higher in the standard model compared with the echo\u2010time\u2010corrected model (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The standard IVIM model was found to overestimate the pseudo\u2010diffusion fraction by 15% to 46% compared with the echo\u2010time\u2010corrected model in breast tumor DWI data acquired at 3\u2009T. Our results suggest that a corrected model may give more accurate results in terms of signal fractions, but may not justify the added time needed to acquire the additional data in terms of clinical value.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T08:16:16Z","timestamp":1640852176000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Effects of echo time on IVIM quantifications of locally advanced breast cancer in clinical diffusion\u2010weighted MRI at 3\u2009T"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Liv","family":"Egnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9556-5930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil P.","family":"Jerome","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren M. S.","family":"Andreassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8582-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tone F.","family":"Bathen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e5l Erik","family":"Goa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics NTNU\u2014Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"},{"name":"Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine St. Olav's University Hospital  Trondheim 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