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Fourteen participants (mean age: 25\u2009\u00b1\u20094\u2009years) underwent <jats:sup>23<\/jats:sup>Na\/<jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H MRI of the calf muscle on a 3\u2010T MRI system before exercise <jats:italic>(t0)<\/jats:italic>, directly after eccentric exercise <jats:italic>(t1)<\/jats:italic>, and 48\u2009h postintervention <jats:italic>(t2)<\/jats:italic>. In addition to tissue sodium concentration (TSC), intracellular\u2010weighted sodium (ICwS) signal was acquired using a three\u2010dimensional density\u2010adapted radial projection readout with an additional inversion recovery preparation module. Phantoms containing saline solution served as references to quantify sodium concentrations. The <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H MRI protocol consisted of a T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted turbo spin echo sequence, a T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010weighted turbo inversion recovery, as well as water T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> mapping and water T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> mapping. Additionally, blood serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were assessed at baseline and 48\u2009h after exercise. The TSC and ICwS of exercised muscles increased significantly from <jats:italic>t0<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>t1<\/jats:italic> and decreased significantly from <jats:italic>t1<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>t2<\/jats:italic>. In the soleus muscle (SM), ICwS decreased below baseline values at <jats:italic>t2<\/jats:italic>. In the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), TSC and ICwS remained at baseline levels at each measurement point. However, high\u2010CK participants (i.e., participants with a more than 10\u2010fold CK increase, n\u2009=\u20093) displayed different behavior, with 2\u2010 to 4\u2010fold increases in TSC values in the medial gastrocnemius muscle (MGM) at <jats:italic>t2<\/jats:italic>. <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H water T<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> relaxation times increased significantly after 48\u2009h in the MGM and SM. <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>H water T<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> relaxation times and muscle volume increased in the MGM at <jats:italic>t2<\/jats:italic>. Sodium MRI parameters and water relaxation times peaked at different points. Whereas water relaxation times were highest at <jats:italic>t2<\/jats:italic>, sodium MRI parameters had already returned to baseline values (or even below baseline values, for low\u2010CK participants) by this point. The observed changes in ion concentrations and water relaxation time parameters could enable a better understanding of the physiological processes during DOMS and muscle regeneration. In the future, this might help to optimize training and to reduce associated sports injuries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T02:43:13Z","timestamp":1664937793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sodium and quantitative hydrogen parameter changes in muscle tissue after eccentric exercise and in delayed\u2010onset muscle soreness assessed with magnetic resonance imaging"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Svenja A.","family":"H\u00f6ger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010Universit\u00e4t Erlangen\u2010N\u00fcrnberg (FAU)  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4599-1122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena 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