{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:33:12Z","timestamp":1790011992909,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]],"date-time":"2025-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82402225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82402225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32427801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32427801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 3\u2010T MRI, reliable quantification of CEST contrast is challenged by peak overlap and broad background contamination. Because of this limitation, some previous studies employ four\u2010pool Lorentzian fitting (i.e., amide, direct water saturation, magnetization transfer, and relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement) for CEST analysis at 3\u2009T, where the multiple CEST contrasts at positive frequency offsets are treated as a single pool. In addition, for fitting\u2010based methods, the fitting accuracy can be readily affected by initial values and boundary conditions. To address these problems, a new CEST analysis approach, named double\u2010step R1rho\u2010based Lorentzian fitting (DROF), with initial value randomization, was developed in this study for extracting five\u2010pool (additional CEST@2\u2009ppm pool) Lorentzian fitting parameters at 3\u2009T. Moreover, a comprehensive evaluation framework including three metrics was proposed to assess the performance of CEST analysis methods. The accuracy and robustness of DROF were evaluated using both simulation and in\u00a0vivo human data at 3\u2009T, and its performance was compared with existing methods. Results demonstrate that DROF offers improved specificity and stability, suggesting its potential to enhance CEST applicability at 3\u2009T.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:24:59Z","timestamp":1750638299000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Double\u2010Step R1rho\u2010Based Lorentzian Fitting (DROF): A New CEST Analysis Approach and Its Comparison With Existing Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Huabin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei China"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiawen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National Model Microelectronics College Xiamen University  Xiamen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bensheng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging Center, Department of Electronic Engineering and Information Science University of Science and Technology of China  Hefei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-8764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianpan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Tam Wing Fan Neuroimaging Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21712"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21591"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27370"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28961"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4778"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3252"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255\u2010024\u201001082\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010024\u201049253\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29937"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm907"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21387"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24315"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29691"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1744152"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.23141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3216"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"Enhancement of MT and CEST Contrast via Heuristic Fitting of Z\u2010Spectra","author":"Zaiss M. W.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3834"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2792"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26829"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","volume-title":"CEST and NOE Signals in Ischemic Stroke at 9.4 T Evaluated Using a Lorentzian Multi\u2010Pool Analysis: A Drop, an Increase or No Change","author":"Tee Y. K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201000167\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2006.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2011.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3716"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.2887"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031\u20109155\/58\/22\/R221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2004.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.2001.2466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26690"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmr.2021.107011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30430"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30233"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551\u2010021\u201000809\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28770"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201037295\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.1060.0175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307\u2010019\u201001465\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28744"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3943"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.3237"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916\u2010023\u201001931\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29763"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.4113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136920"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26813"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030402"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13010048"}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.70082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:45:15Z","timestamp":1760960715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.70082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.70082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.70082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70082"}}