{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:43:03Z","timestamp":1771332183233,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011699","name":"Siemens Healthineers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011699","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuromelanin (NM) magnetic resonance imaging has been used to evaluate the loss of melanized neurons in the substantia nigra, the main characteristic of Parkinson disease, typically by measuring the contrast ratio (CR) between the NM\u2010rich areas and the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain. Neuromelanin contrast can be generated by employing a 3D gradient\u2010echo (GRE) sequence with magnetization transfer (MT). In this work, we first evaluated the effect of the MT pulse frequency on the CR and contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio (CNR), analyzing a large frequency range from 500 to 100K\u2009Hz. Secondly, the impact of the 3D GRE sequence flip angle (FA) was evaluated using angles from 5\u00b0 to 40\u00b0. Additionally, images were acquired both with and without MT for each FA, providing an opportunity to examine the effect of MT on tissue proton density, T1, and T2* values. Results showed that the highest CR and CNR were obtained for the lower MT frequencies (500\u20132000\u2009Hz) and lower FAs (5\u00b0\u201310\u00b0). The lower FAs improved the visualization of the neuromelanin\u2010rich area in the substantia nigra and facilitated delineating its volume. In addition, this work showed that the MT pulse decreased the T1 and PD of the tissue. Furthermore, simulations supported the obtained in\u00a0vivo results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T22:50:04Z","timestamp":1755643804000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Neuromelanin Contrast Optimization and Improved Visualization of the Substantia Nigra in a 3D Gradient\u2010Echo Sequence With Magnetization Transfer"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1829-0993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bego\u00f1a\u00a0Garate","family":"Andikoetxea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Cl\u00ednica Universidad de Navarra  Pamplona Spain"},{"name":"Universidad de Deusto  Bilbao 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