{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:48:36Z","timestamp":1777038516658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DK132556"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DK132556"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P41 EB029460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P41 EB029460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EB020087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EB020087"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In early kidney disease, tissue hypoxia occurs due to an imbalance between ATP supply and demand. Whole\u2010organ renal metabolic rate of oxygen (rMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) is therefore a potential biomarker for assessing renal function. This study evaluated the sensitivity of a quantitative MRI method to detect within\u2010subject changes in metabolic parameters during hypoxic gas challenges. Ten healthy adults were imaged at 3\u2009T (5 female, ages 23\u201353\u2009years) while undergoing mild and moderate hypoxia (P\n                    <jats:sub>ET<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    62 and 52\u2009mmHg, respectively). The utilized MRI sequence simultaneously quantified blood flow rate (BFR) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) at the left renal vein, yielding, together with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) obtained by pulse oximetry, whole\u2010organ rMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    by invoking Fick's Principle. Repeated\u2010measures ANOVA was used to test differences in metabolic parameters between baseline and hypoxic conditions. SaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    at baseline was 99%\u2009\u00b1\u20091%, while renal SvO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    was 92%\u2009\u00b1\u20093%. During progressive hypoxemia, the drop in SvO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (mild 83%\u2009\u00b1\u20094%, moderate 76%\u2009\u00b1\u20095%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) paralleled the drop in SaO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (mild 90%\u2009\u00b1\u20091%, moderate 84%\u2009\u00b1\u20092%), such that the arteriovenous difference in oxygenation (AVDO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was constant when compared to baseline (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091). Renal BFR did not vary significantly between baseline (410\u2009\u00b1\u200965\u2009mL\/min) and hypoxemic conditions (mild, moderate of 430\u2009\u00b1\u200956 and 440\u2009\u00b1\u200948\u2009mL\/min,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.34). Thus, rMRO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    did not significantly change during hypoxemia (baseline, mild, and moderate of 140\u2009\u00b1\u200950, 180\u2009\u00b1\u200980, and 170\u2009\u00b1\u200990 (\u03bcmol O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/min)\/100\u2009g, respectively,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091). In conclusion, the results demonstrate the method's sensitivity in detecting within\u2010subject changes in metabolic parameters in response to graded hypoxia. Quantitative MRI oximetry may be a feasible tool to assess and longitudinally monitor early metabolic changes in kidney disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:42:51Z","timestamp":1763116971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Renal Metabolic Rate of Oxygen in Response to Hypoxia Challenges by Means of Quantitative MRI in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4382-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nada","family":"Kamona","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdie","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael\u00a0C.","family":"Langham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3430-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix\u00a0W.","family":"Wehrli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101681.12034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.43.5.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2013090990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13058"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010003\u20101155\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424\u2010022\u201002690\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.350"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.103942"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2010111143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095895"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261\u2010018\u20101750\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30583"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00552.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440\u20101681.12031"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf01627629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Pulmonary Physiology and Pathophysiology: An Integrated, Case\u2010Based Approach","author":"West J. 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