{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:29:11Z","timestamp":1788564551133,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Brain connectivity, quantified with diffusion MRI (structural connectivity, SC) and resting\u2010state functional MRI (functional connectivity, FC), can offer crucial insights into glioma\u2010brain network interactions. Currently, no standardized approach exists to integrate information from FC and SC and to identify potential tumor\u2010induced abnormalities at the single\u2010patient level. Variational autoencoders (VAEs) have been shown to be promising for learning the distribution of features representing a healthy brain and deviations thereof and can naturally be applicable to multiple modalities. This study explores the potential of VAE to integrate FC and SC and detect multimodal anomalies in brain connectivity in glioma patients. The VAE is trained on concatenated FC\u2010SC healthy data to learn how to reconstruct normative connectivity patterns. After ad hoc transfer learning, the model parameters are applied to the oncological dataset, to obtain the healthy version of the pathological matrices. Given the healthy, pathological, and reconstructed matrices, a statistic is developed with the goal of identifying specific alterations in SC, FC, and their\n                    <jats:styled-content>FC\u2009+\u2009SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    integration in glioma patients. SC, FC, and\n                    <jats:styled-content>FC\u2009+\u2009SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    abnormalities are compared with each other to explore their interplay and their link with tumor and surrounding brain tissues. Results show that FC is more sensitive to alterations distant from the tumor, while SC is more affected in its vicinity. Then, the alterations identified by FC are generally more in agreement with the alterations identified by\n                    <jats:styled-content>FC\u2009+\u2009SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    compared with those highlighted by SC. Moreover, SC abnormalities never overlap with\n                    <jats:styled-content>FC\u2009+\u2009SC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    out of the tumor, and FC and SC single impairments partially overlap within the tumor core and never overlie in other brain tissues. This information could facilitate patient stratification, prognostic modeling, and personalized treatment planning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:34:11Z","timestamp":1773138851000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anomaly Detection for Structural and Functional Connectivity in Glioma Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Colpo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Pollitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Leemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Cecchin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Unit of Nuclear Medicine University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Corbetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bertoldo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padova  Padova Italy"},{"name":"Department of Information Engineering University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2553-7299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"De\u00a0Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Image Sciences Institute University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"},{"name":"Neurology Department, UMC Utrecht Brain Center University Medical Center Utrecht  Utrecht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nop\/npad044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)01054\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(18)30990\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac360"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdab176"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa216"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568\u2010023\u201000556\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa158"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010023\u201005968\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JNEUMETH.2010.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9030115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.NEUROIMAGE.2014.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060\u2010023\u201004439\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2023.103476"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.642241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdac153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa044"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Medical Imaging With Deep Learning","author":"Dsouza N. S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","unstructured":"C.Doersch \u201cTutorial on Variational Autoencoders \u201d Published Online June 19 2016 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1606.05908."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jimaging9040081"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1203104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568\u2010018\u20100016\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119892"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC46164.2021.9630806"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26479"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2007.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401\u2010016\u20101545\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx179"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/BRAIN\/AWAA277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab289"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201017213\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","unstructured":"D. P.KingmaandM.Welling \u201cAuto\u2010Encoding Variational Bayes \u201d Published Online December 20 2013 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1312.6114."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","unstructured":"I.Higgins L.Matthey A.Pal et\u00a0al. \u201c\u03b2\u2010VAE: Learning Basic Visual Concepts With a Constrained Variational Framework \u201d (2022)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","unstructured":"D. P.KingmaandJ.Ba \u201cAdam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization \u201d Published Online December 22 2014 http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1412.6980."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33128-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201022192\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537\u2010016\u20100043\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013701"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.01.071"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811168106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26155"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010020\u201020655\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2015.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201004614\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00160-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(23)00291\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386\u2010021\u201001152\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072\u2010016\u20102578\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD\u2010170803"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad308"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.8.JNS22591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","unstructured":"J.Wang M.Zhang K.YangandJ.Chen Synergistic Structural and Functional Alterations in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Patients With High\u2010Grade Gliomas Infiltrating the Thalamus and the Basal Ganglia(2023)."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26972"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25140"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010021\u201095932\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15102714"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14143327"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202200047"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.06.092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2014.2352414"}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.70238","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nbm.70238","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.70238","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T08:36:17Z","timestamp":1773909377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.70238"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.70238"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.70238","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70238"}}