{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T05:04:37Z","timestamp":1779771877459,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/S031510\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/S031510\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/M020533\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/M020533\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Microstructure modelling quantifies subvoxel tissue features by combining an MRI acquisition with a mathematical model, which is typically fitted voxel\u2010by\u2010voxel with least\u2010squares (LSQ) minimisation to give voxelwise maps of microstructural quantities such as diffusivity and compartmental fractions. Such approaches are susceptible to voxelwise noise, which can lead to erroneous values in parameter maps. Hierarchical Bayesian modelling (HBM) can address this limitation but has only been demonstrated for simple models. We previously derived an HBM approach for an arbitrary microstructure model with flexible parameter constraints, utilising a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for parameter estimation; here, the method is demonstrated and evaluated using simulated and human data for two previously unexplored diffusion MRI techniques, namely, diffusion kurtosis imaging and blood\u2013brain barrier filter exchange imaging. When compared with LSQ minimisation, HBM increased the accuracy, precision, contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio and parameter map quality in both simulated and human data. HBM was also able to resolve local parameter variations associated with white matter lesions in a small sample of cerebral small vessel disease subjects, which were obscured by high noise levels in the LSQ\u2010derived parameter maps. Finally, a noise sensitivity assessment in simulations showed that HBM improved the contrast\u2010to\u2010noise ratio and parameter map quality even at low signal\u2010to\u2010noise ratios. This generalised HBM framework can improve parameter estimation for more complex diffusion MRI microstructural models that extend beyond linear combinations of exponentials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T02:57:08Z","timestamp":1778554628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hierarchical Bayesian Modelling Improves Microstructural Parameter Mapping in Diffusion and Exchange MRI Data"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1059-1188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Powell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5661-6267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Maskery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0129-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hedley C. A.","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancaster Medical School Lancaster University  Lancaster UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust  Preston UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura M.","family":"Parkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychology, Communication and Human Neuroscience, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"},{"name":"Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2934-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geoff J. M.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Bioxydyn Limited  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6967-989X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paddy J.","family":"Slator","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"},{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116835"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49855"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22782"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117039"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008\u20105472.CAN\u201013\u20102511"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims.2017.02.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119900"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2919241"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24649"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.25765"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26598"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968\u2010017\u20100391\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194590"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334\u2010018\u20100697\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28671"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102144"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106495"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.30042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.28075"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87615-9_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20508"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2012.156"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27632"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.24395"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053\u20108119(03)00336\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361\u20108415(01)00036\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2019.00064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2010.08.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(19)30079\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac500"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13874"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340618"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MRI.2008.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26984"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.29349"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2018.00097"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/105051605000000791"}],"container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.70277","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nbm.70277","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nbm.70277","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:32:06Z","timestamp":1779769926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nbm.70277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nbm.70277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nbm.70277","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-3480","1099-1492"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-3480","type":"print"},{"value":"1099-1492","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-11","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70277"}}