{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:03:12Z","timestamp":1789639392307,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    To investigate the feasibility of a noncontrast MRI framework combining velocity\u2010selective arterial spin labeling (VSASL) and artificial neural network (ANN)\u2013based gradient\u2010echo sampling of spin\u2010echo (GESSE) analysis for quantifying exercise\u2010induced changes in calf muscle perfusion and oxygen metabolism. Ten healthy volunteers (mean age: 31.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.45\u2009years) underwent MRI scans before and after standardized eccentric calf muscle exercise. Muscle blood flow (MBF) was assessed using VSASL with 3D GRASE readout, while muscle oxygen extraction fraction (MOEF) was estimated from GESSE data using an ANN\u2010based method. Skeletal muscle oxygen consumption (SMVO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was calculated based on Fick's principle. All maps were registered to T2\u2010weighted images, and linear mixed\u2010effects models were applied to evaluate the effects of time and muscle group. Following exercise, a significant increase in MBF was observed (\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096.91\u2009mL\/100\u2009g\/min,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), primarily in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. MOEF also increased significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.029), with no significant differences across muscles. SMVO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    showed a significant overall increase (\n                    <jats:italic>\u0394<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200925.56\u2009\u03bcmol O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/100\u2009g\/min,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), with a significant interaction between time and muscle (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.028). The greatest SMVO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    increases were observed in the gastrocnemius (68.76%\u2009\u00b1\u200936.1%) and soleus (51.94%\u2009\u00b1\u200944.0%). This noncontrast approach using VSASL and ANN\u2010based GESSE demonstrates the feasibility of spatially resolved quantification of calf muscle hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism. This method may serve as a valuable tool for assessing microvascular and metabolic function in both research and clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:06:42Z","timestamp":1789193202000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Noncontrast MRI Assessment of Oxygen Metabolism in Human Calf Muscles Using VSASL and ANN\u2010Based GESSE"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Congcong","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6314-9158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6730-9462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans\u2010Ulrich","family":"Kauczor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3597-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyungseok","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology University of California Davis  Sacramento California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2804-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Sedaghat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7244-8483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Translational Lung Research Center (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL)  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology With Nuclear Medicine Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital  Heidelberg Germany"},{"name":"Division of Radiology German Cancer Research Center  Heidelberg 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