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However, conventional ASL 4D MRA implementations using look\u2010locker acquisitions are susceptible to progressive RF saturation during extended readouts, leading to substantial ASL signal attenuation and loss of vessel delineation in distal arteries. These limitations potentially hinder a wider clinical translation of 4D MRA, especially when assessment of whole\u2010brain vascular anatomy and flow dynamics is needed. This study introduces a practical and reliable ASL 4D MRA technique for whole\u2010brain or large volumetric imaging by integrating pulsed ASL with undersampled multiple overlapping thin\u2010slab stack\u2010of\u2010stars (SOS) golden\u2010angle radial acquisition. The proposed method was evaluated against conventional single\u2010slab 4D MRA, 3D time\u2010of\u2010flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF\u2010MRA), and pseudocontinuous ASL (pCASL)\u2010based 4D MRA in terms of vessel delineation, blood flow dynamics, and image quality. Compared to the other methods, the proposed method substantially reduced RF saturation effects and preserved signal intensities in distal small arteries, resulting in significantly improved vessel continuity and contrast throughout the cerebral vasculature, as well as reliably capturing complete inflow\u2010to\u2010outflow arterial flow dynamics with good scan efficiency and image quality. The proposed technique enables high\u2010quality, time\u2010resolved whole\u2010brain angiography, offering a promising noncontrast imaging tool for comprehensive assessment of cerebral arterial hemodynamics in clinical and research applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.70426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T11:25:22Z","timestamp":1792668322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Whole\u2010Brain 4D MRA With Improved Vessel Delineation Using Undersampled Multiple Overlapping Thin\u2010Slab Radial Acquisition"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0889-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianrui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0605-9420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7564-5302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yining","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9079-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianing","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8176-4616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sameer A.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lirong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Northwestern University  Evanston Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Portegies M. 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