{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T18:59:36Z","timestamp":1785869976718,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1110931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NMR in Biomedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review summarizes results <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Rb MRS\/I studies of K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> transport in mammalian cells, organs and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. It provides a brief description of K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> transport systems, their interactions with Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and evidence that Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> is a best K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> congener. <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Rb MR studies have focused mostly on isolated perfused rat and pig hearts and to a lesser extent on kidney, skeletal muscle, salivary gland and red blood cells. The method has been used for three purposes: measurements of kinetics of unidirectional Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake and efflux and steady\u2010state Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> levels. In cardiovascular studies Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> has been used in the absence of shift reagent taking advantage of the predominantly intracellular Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> distribution (\u223c20:1). Pharmacological analysis of Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake and efflux allowed assessment of the contributions of various transporters to the total Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> fluxes in rat hearts. It was confirmed that Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> ATPase is responsible for the majority of K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> influx since Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake is 80% ouabain\u2010sensitive and dependent on the intracellular [Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>]. Energy deprivation caused by low\u2010flow ischemia or metabolic inhibition reduced Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake rate. Under normal conditions, Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> efflux is mediated mainly by voltage\u2010gated K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> channels with a small contribution from the K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/Na<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/2Cl<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup> cotransporter. Intracellular alkalosis and osmotic swelling stimulated Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> efflux by activation of the putative K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\/H<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> antiporter. Activity of ATP\u2010sensitive K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> (K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub>) channels was revealed by metabolic (2,4\u2010dinitrophenol, ischemia) or pharmacological (K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub> opener, P\u20101075) stimulation of Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> efflux, which was reversed by the K<jats:sub>ATP<\/jats:sub> blocker, glibenclamide. Mitochondrial K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> transport was evaluated in hearts with saponin\u2010permeabilized myocytes and under hypothermic conditions.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) spectroscopic MRI of isolated beating pig hearts has been used to obtain time series of Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> maps of normal and ischemic\/infarcted hearts, which showed lower image intensity in the damaged area. Kinetics of Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake in the ischemic areas depended on both regional flow and metabolism. The adrenergic agonist dobutamine stimulated Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake in normal areas and did not affect uptake in ischemic areas. Drugs that may affect passive Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> transport (bumetanide, pinacidil, glibenclamide) did not change Rb<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> uptake either in the normal or ischemic zones. <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Rb\u2010MRI was also able to localize ischemia and infarction in blood\u2010perfused hearts. <jats:sup>87<\/jats:sup>Rb MRS\/I is an excellent non\u2010invasive research tool for studies of K<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> transport in isolated organs and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. Copyright \u00a9 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,16]],"date-time":"2005-03-16T06:47:28Z","timestamp":1110955648000},"page":"111-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Rubidium\u201087 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging for analysis of mammalian K<sup>+<\/sup> transport"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Valery V.","family":"Kupriyanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco L. 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