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Nutrient digestion, absorption, and assimilation may also be diminished by disturbances in the production of bile acids and digestive enzymes. Small bowel dilation, dysmotility, loss of ileocecal valve, and anatomical changes combined with acid suppression and antimotility drugs increase the risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, further contributing to malabsorption. Metabolic changes that occur in SBS due to loss of colonic regulation of gastric and small bowel function can also lead to depletion of calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D, resulting in demineralization of bone and the eventual development of bone disease. Persistent inflammation, steroid use, parenteral nutrition, chronic metabolic acidosis, and renal insufficiency may exacerbate the problem and contribute to the development of osteoporosis. Multiple factors increase the risk of nephrolithiasis in SBS. In the setting of fat malabsorption, increased free fatty acids are available to bind to calcium, resulting in an increased concentration of unbound oxalate, which is readily absorbed across the colonic mucosa where it travels to the kidney. In addition, there is an increase in colonic permeability to oxalate stemming from the effects of unabsorbed bile salts. The risk of nephrolithiasis is compounded by volume depletion, metabolic acidosis, and hypomagnesemia, resulting in a decrease in renal perfusion, urine output, pH, and citrate excretion. This review examines the causes and treatments of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bone demineralization, and nephrolithiasis in SBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]],"date-time":"2018-06-21T06:59:30Z","timestamp":1529564370000},"page":"454-466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Bacteria, Bones, and Stones: Managing Complications of Short Bowel Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Erika","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Vu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Human Nutrition Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura E.","family":"Matarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery Brody School of Medicine East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.784700"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Intestinal Failure","author":"Nightingale JMD","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)70064-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1996.0122"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.12.3181-3185.1997","article-title":"Fecal microflora in a patient with short\u2010bowel syndrome an identification of dominant lactobacilli","volume":"35","author":"Kaneko T","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2010.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020005493"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533615609899"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2010.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s005350070016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-007-0045-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426505020006634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199803000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"WhiteL.D\u2010lactic acidosis: more prevalent than we think. 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