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The most common treatment for anemia is oral (mainly ferrous sulfate) or intravenous iron supplementation. Despite being a necessary treatment, recent studies have reported that supplementation with oral iron may increase its availability in the intestine, leading to disturbance in the gut microbiota and also to oxidative stress in the enterocytes, which may change the permeability and the microbiota profile. Although it is a therapy routinely used in patients with CKD, supplementation with oral iron on the gut microbiota has been rarely studied in these patients. Thus, this review will discuss the relationship between iron and the gut microbiota and the possible effects of oral iron supplementation on gut microbiota in patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,12]],"date-time":"2021-05-12T08:39:20Z","timestamp":1620808760000},"page":"81-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Oral iron supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease: Can it be harmful to the gut microbiota?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Marcia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Nutrition Sciences Fluminense Federal University (UFF)  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Unidade de Pesquisa Clinica (UPC)\u2013University Hospital Antonio Pedro  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Pesquisa Clinica (UPC)\u2013University Hospital Antonio Pedro  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Medical Sciences Fluminense Federal University (UFF)  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-7438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana S.","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidade de Pesquisa Clinica (UPC)\u2013University Hospital Antonio Pedro  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences Fluminense Federal University (UFF)  Niter\u00f3i Rio de Janeiro Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean C. 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