{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:41:32Z","timestamp":1788385292204,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nut in Clin Prac"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive review of iron deficiency in the setting of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to evaluate the utility of iron supplementation in PAH. Iron deficiency is present in 33%\u201346% of patients with PAH and has been associated with reduced exercise capacity, compromised oxygen handling, deterioration of right ventricular function, and even mortality. Iron homeostasis and the pathophysiology of PAH are highly intertwined, which has inspired the use of iron supplementation in patients with iron deficiency and PAH. A literature search was performed to identify all available evidence on iron supplementation for PAH. Limited evidence has suggested poor oral bioavailability of oral iron dosed three times a day, but newer formulations such as ferrous maltol may provide better absorption and clinical benefit, especially when dosed less frequently, such as every other day. Intravenous (IV) iron has been shown in observational studies to improve outcomes, but the single randomized control trial in patients without anemia has failed to show benefits in any measure of exercise tolerance. Larger randomized control studies on oral iron with good bioavailability or IV iron in patients with anemia are warranted to explore the potential utility of iron supplementation in patients with PAH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.10884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T05:49:24Z","timestamp":1656049764000},"page":"1059-1073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Iron deficiency and pulmonary arterial hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Michelle","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Pharmacy Residency Program UC San Diego Health  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheryl","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Pharmacy Program UC San Diego Health  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9319-4200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy M.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine University of California, San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.18811.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01913-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020477"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.158.3.9802066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207093270202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.6.9804054"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306173282402"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035488"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203396"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00100510"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket331"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2010.147272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.02.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-020-02288-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity. WHO\/NMH\/NHD\/MNM\/11.1. Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System. World Health Organization;2011. Accessed November 22 2022.http:\/\/www.who.int\/vmnis\/indicators\/haemoglobin.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202009-1131OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117383"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.761599"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00015385.2019.1694760"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00616-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.220830"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-4009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","unstructured":"Parenteral iron administration coverage in non\u2010dialysis usage. Medicare Coverage Database. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. November 16 2017. Accessed March 20 2022.https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/medicare-coverage-database\/view\/article.aspx?articleid=55653"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"Cigna Drug and Biologic Coverage Policy. Intravenous iron replacement therapy. IP0222. Published January 1 2022. Accessed March 20 2022.https:\/\/static.cigna.com\/assets\/chcp\/pdf\/coveragePolicies\/pharmacy\/ip_0222_coveragepositioncriteria_intravenous_iron_replacement_therapy.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"LuthraS. $2 733 to treat iron\u2010poor blood? Iron infusions for anemia under scrutiny. Healthcare Cost Institute. Published August 1 2019. Accessed March 20 2022.https:\/\/healthcostinstitute.org\/in-the-news\/npr-2-733-to-treat-iron-poor-blood-iron-infusions-for-anemia-under-scrutiny"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.09.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2019.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.04.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/682217"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2018.07.015"}],"container-title":["Nutrition in Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ncp.10884","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ncp.10884","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ncp.10884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:21:21Z","timestamp":1760952081000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ncp.10884"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ncp.10884"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ncp.10884","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-5336","1941-2452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-5336","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-2452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-01-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}