{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:26:25Z","timestamp":1787117185670,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nut in Clin Prac"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personalized meal planning by registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) is time\u2010intensive. Large language models (LLMs) may automate drafting meal plans, but their nutritional accuracy in clinical practice is uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this proof\u2010of\u2010concept study, five outpatient RDNs and four LLMs (Gemini, CoPilot, ChatGPT 4.0, and customized ChatGPT 4.0) each generated 3\u2010day meal plans for five validated clinical scenarios. Effectiveness was defined as accuracy in meeting pre\u2010specified energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat, and sodium targets. Time to create plans and RDN comfort (self\u2010rated confidence in nutritional accuracy and clinical appropriateness on 1\u20135 Likert scale) were recorded. Three independent RDNs, blinded to source, analyzed nutrient content using Nutritionist Pro. Group differences were assessed with\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test and ANOVA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All LLMs and RDNs produced feasible meal plans. LLMs generated meal plans in under 1\u2009min, whereas RDNs required a mean of 44\u2009min per scenario. RDNs reported comfort levels ranging from 3.8 to 4.8. Across most scenarios, LLM plans delivered a smaller proportion of requested energy than RDN plans, which more consistently approached energy targets. Both groups performed similarly for the Mediterranean diet scenario. Overall, protein accuracy did not differ. However, in chronic kidney disease, LLMs undershot the guideline\u2010based protein target, while RDNs tended to modestly exceed it. Accuracy for low\u2010carbohydrate, fat, and sodium diets was comparable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>LLMs can rapidly generate clinically plausible meal plans but are less reliable than RDNs in achieving prescribed energy and selected macronutrient goals. Prompt precision is essential for nutrient\u2010specific targets. A hybrid model in which RDNs refine LLM\u2010generated drafts may leverage efficiency without sacrificing clinical accuracy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.70169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:55:08Z","timestamp":1787115308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of artificial intelligence in developing meal plans in outpatient dietetics: A feasibility and proof of concept study"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manpreet S.","family":"Mundi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0240-6453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Mohamed Elfadil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danelle A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Schafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jami L.","family":"Theiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Ewoldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelynn","family":"Strong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Zeratsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angie M.","family":"Clinton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Y.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan T.","family":"Hurt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(96)80061-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00011-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0884533610385703"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab086"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of anti\u2010inflammatory diets on inflammation markers in adult human populations: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"81","author":"Mukherjee MS","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.13236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2023.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112325"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2024.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020206"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dietetics4010007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65438-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.70295"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112291"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091492"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/asi6050096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.142428.1"}],"container-title":["Nutrition in Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ncp.70169","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ncp.70169","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ncp.70169","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T04:55:09Z","timestamp":1787115309000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ncp.70169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ncp.70169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ncp.70169","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0884-5336","1941-2452"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0884-5336","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-2452","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"ncp.70169"}}