{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:06:00Z","timestamp":1791644760481,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR21NS133531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR21NS133531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuroprotection"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the immunoregulatory functions of interleukin\u201010 (IL\u201010)\u2010secreting regulatory B cells (Bregs), specifically focusing on their potential neuroprotective roles and therapeutic implications for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. We conducted a narrative review of the current literature to evaluate the defining characteristics, mechanisms of action, and functional significance of Bregs. We specifically analyzed their roles in modulating immune responses within the CNS following injury and in neurodegenerative contexts. Bregs are a distinct immunosuppressive B cell subset that operates primarily via IL\u201010 secretion. Their functions include suppressing pro\u2010inflammatory cytokine production and directing T cell differentiation toward regulatory phenotypes. In CNS pathologies, evidence suggests that Bregs can infiltrate the blood\u2013brain barrier following disruption. Once within the CNS, they exert neuroprotection and enhance neuronal survival, thereby mitigating post\u2010injury inflammation. Bregs are essential to immune regulation with significant, although not fully elucidated, neuroprotective potential. Their ability to modulate CNS makes them viable therapeutic targets for the treatment of brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. However, clinical applications must consider the complexities of B\u2010cell biology to avoid compromising immune homeostasis. Further research into Breg mechanisms is vital for developing safe, targeted therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nep3.70027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:59:03Z","timestamp":1770746343000},"page":"4-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Regulatory B cells in the central nervous system: From immune regulation to neuroprotection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Luiza","family":"Stanaszek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroRepair Department, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5261-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslaw","family":"Janowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine University of Maryland Marlene Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland Baltimore  MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30468-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4152"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202002944"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07906-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Immunology","author":"Roitt IM","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0434-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2017.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0434-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00652-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001588"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0810460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/14.4.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1994.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.2.521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S286426"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409449102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00274-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021293"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.6.3447"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01884"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.611795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.6.3422"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.01.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-014-9639-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2019.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6997"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1328193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0233-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1281763"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-022-00971-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0890-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1623-11.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-7378-5-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.11.096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30459"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22647"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Therapeutics to promote CNS repair: A natural human neuron\u2010binding IgM regulates membrane\u2010raft dynamics and improves motility in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Xu X","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.2016018175"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9317-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-013-9474-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913292117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2023.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12887"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02812-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2018.6368"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37235-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202302659R"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1329823"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni833"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001307"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Regulatory roles of B cells in infectious diseases","author":"Fillatreau S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13317-018-0109-x"}],"container-title":["Neuroprotection"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nep3.70027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/nep3.70027","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nep3.70027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:04:05Z","timestamp":1776431045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nep3.70027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nep3.70027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nep3.70027","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2770-7296","2770-730X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2770-7296","type":"print"},{"value":"2770-730X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-10","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}