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While neurotrophin binding to trks results in, among other things, increased cell survival, p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> has enigmatically been implicated in promoting both survival and cell death. Which of these two signals p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> imparts depends on the specific cellular context. <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> is an excellent system in which to study p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> function <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> because of its amenability to experimental manipulation. We therefore cloned partial cDNAs of two p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> genes from <jats:italic>Xenopus,<\/jats:italic> which we have termed p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>a and p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>b. We then cloned two different cDNAs, both of which encompass the full coding region of p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>a. Early in development both p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>a and p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>b are expressed in developing cranial ganglia and presumptive spinal sensory neurons, similar to what is observed in other species. Later, p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>a expression largely continues to parallel p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> expression in other species. However, <jats:italic>Xenopus<\/jats:italic> p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup>a is additionally expressed in the neuroepithelium of the anterior telencephalon, all layers of the retina including the photoreceptor layer, and functioning axial skeletal muscle. Finally, misexpression of full length p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> and each of two truncated mutants in developing retina reveal that p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> probably signals for cell survival in this system. This result contrasts with the reported role of p75<jats:sup>NTR<\/jats:sup> in developing retinae of other species, and the possible implications of this difference are discussed. \u00a9 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 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