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Neurobiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We investigated the effects of dopamine depletion on acoustically guided behavior of anurans by conducting phonotaxis experiments with female gray treefrogs (<jats:italic>Hyla versicolor<\/jats:italic>) before and 90 min after bilateral injections of 3, 6, or 12 \u03bcg 6\u2010hydroxydopamine (6\u2010OHDA) into the telencephalic ventricles. In experiments with one loudspeaker playing back a standard artificial mating call, we analyzed the effects of 6\u2010OHDA on phonotactic response time. In choice tests we measured the degree of distraction from the standard call (20 pulses\/s) by three different variants with altered pulse\u2010rate (30\/s, 40\/s, 60\/s). Five days after experiments, brains were immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase. Labeled neurons were counted in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, interpeduncular nucleus, and locus coeruleus, and correlation between neuronal numbers and behavioral scores was tested. Response times increased together with 6\u2010OHDA concentrations, which was mainly due to longer immobile periods before the animals started movement. In choice tests the most irrelevant stimulus (60\/s) distracted 6\u2010OHDA injected females from the standard stimulus, while sham injected controls were undistracted. The number of catecholaminergic neurons decreased with increasing 6\u2010OHDA concentration in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, posterior tuberculum, and interpeduncular nucleus. The normalized number of immunoreactive neurons in the posterior tuberculum was positively correlated with phonotaxis scores in the one\u2010speaker test, demonstrating that motor deficits are a function of tubercular cell loss. We conclude that bilateral 6\u2010OHDA lesions in anuran amphibians cause motor (difficulty to start movements) as well as cognitive symptoms (higher distraction by irrelevant stimuli) that have also been described for human Parkinson patients. \u00a9 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 395\u2013410, 2004<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,15]],"date-time":"2004-06-15T19:59:30Z","timestamp":1087329570000},"page":"395-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["6\u2010hydroxydopamine lesions in anuran amphibians: A new model system for Parkinson's disease?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Heike","family":"Endepols","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Schul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. 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