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Here we show, using a mouse model, that adaptive immunity mitigates maladaptation to the acute psychological stress known to trigger abnormal behaviors reminiscent of human post\u2010traumatic stress disorder. Assessment of behavioral adaptation (measured by the acoustic startle response and avoidance behavior) in mice after their exposure to predator odor revealed that maladaptation was several times more prevalent in T cell\u2010deficient mice than in their wild\u2010type counterparts. A single population of T cells reactive to central nervous system (CNS)\u2010associated self\u2010protein was sufficient to endow immune\u2010deficient mice with the ability to withstand the psychological stress. Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were found to suppress this endogenous anti\u2010stress attribute. These findings suggest that T cells specific to abundantly expressed CNS antigens are responsible for brain tissue homeostasis and help the individual to cope with stressful life episodes. They might also point the way to development of immune\u2010based therapies for mental disorders, based either on up\u2010regulation of T cells that partially cross\u2010react with self\u2010antigens or on weakening of the activity of regulatory T cells. \u00a9 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.20249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,22]],"date-time":"2006-03-22T12:54:27Z","timestamp":1143032067000},"page":"552-563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":156,"title":["Maladaptation to mental stress mitigated by the adaptive immune system via depletion of naturally occurring regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Hagit","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaniv","family":"Ziv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Cardon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeev","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael 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