{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T02:58:51Z","timestamp":1771642731814,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,11]],"date-time":"2004-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6250,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurobiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The eyes of certain marine gastropods, including <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bulla<\/jats:italic>, contain circadian pacemakers, which produce a circadian rhythm of autogenous compound action potential (CAP) activity. The CAPs are generated by the synchronous spike discharge of a distinctive population of retinal pacemaker neurons whose axons convey the CAP activity to the CNS. When CAP activity is recorded from a preparation with eyes attached to the CNS, the CAP activity is modulated by efferent activity. In this study we have identified FMRF\u2010amide\u2010like immunoreactive efferent axons in the optic nerves of <jats:italic>Bulla<\/jats:italic>. These axons arborize in the basal retinal neuropil adjacent to the pacemaker neurons and are in a position to make synaptic contacts with their dendrites. Similar immunoreactive fibers are not observed in <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic> eyes. Exogenous FMRF\u2010amide at micromolar concentrations suppresses ongoing CAP activity in isolated eyes but does not suppress the ERG or phase shift the circadian rhythm of CAP activity. Intracellular recordings from the retinal pacemaker neurons reveal that FMRF\u2010amide hyperpolarizes the membrane potential, suppresses spike discharge, and decreases the input resistance, suggesting that a K conductance is increased. Electrical stimulation of the region of the cerebral ganglion that contains FMRF\u2010amide immunoreactive neurons suppresses ongoing CAP activity. All these results are consistent with the idea that the FMRF\u2010amide immunoreactive central neurons and their axons provide a pathway for efferent modulation of the CAP rhythm generated by the retinal pacemaker neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480180505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T05:16:50Z","timestamp":1104556610000},"page":"433-449","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["FMRF\u2010amide\u2010like immunoreactive efferent fibers and FMRF\u2010amide suppression of pacemaker neurons in eyes of <i>Bulla<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jon W.","family":"Jacklet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(84)80195-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Localization of a circadian pacemaker in the eye of a mollusc","volume":"217","author":"Block G. 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