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Pep\u2010neurons were identified by intracellular staining and immunocytology or by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of extracts from identified neurons. RIA reveals that 97% of all Pep\u2010like immunoreactivity (IR\u2010Pep) in pedal nerves is found in the three nerves that innervate the foot. Nearly every Pep\u2010neuron sends an axon out at least one of these three nerves. Application of Pep to foot muscle causes an increase in the amplitude and relaxation rate of contractions driven by nerve stimulation or intracellular stimulation of pedal motor neurons. The increase in relaxation rate was the predominant effect. Intracellular recording in \u201csplitfoot\u201d preparations reveals that Pep\u2010neurons increase their overall firing rates and fire in bursts with each step during locomotion. Recovery of IR\u2010Pep from foot perfusate following pedal nerve stimulation increases in a frequency\u2010dependent fashion. Thus it appears that one function of Pep\u2010neurons is to modulate foot muscle contractility during locomotion in <jats:italic>Aplysia<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480210604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T03:07:01Z","timestamp":1104548821000},"page":"858-868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Involvement of pedal peptide in locomotion in <i>Aplysia<\/i>: Modulation of foot muscle contractions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jon D.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.12.6656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1978.41.1.157","article-title":"Motor control of buccal muscles in Aplysia","volume":"41","author":"Cohen J. 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