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Bath application of the cholinergic agonists carbachol, musarine, pilocarpine, and acetylcholine (ACh) to a semiintact preparation including the pharyngeal muscles and the central nervous system (CNS), initiated long\u2010lasting endogenous\u2010like bursting activity in the muscles. The muscarinic antagonists, atropine and scopolamine, blocked these responses as well as endogenous activity. Perfusion with nicotine elicited a short, tonic response that was marginally blocked by mecamylamine but not by curare, \u03b1\u2010bungarotoxin, hexamethonium, or the muscarinic antagonists. This is the first time that a response to cholinergic drugs has been examined in <jats:italic>Drosophila<\/jats:italic>. The pharyngeal muscle preparation may prove to be a valuable system for studying mutations of cholinergic metabolism, receptors, and second messengers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480220407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T03:12:22Z","timestamp":1104549142000},"page":"391-404","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Dual muscarinic and nicotinic action on a motor program in <i>Drosophila<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Gorczyca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Budnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalpana","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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