{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T23:03:12Z","timestamp":1747436592412},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,11]],"date-time":"2004-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4332,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Neurobiol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are dramatic quantitative and qualitative differences in the locomotor behavior of larval and juvenile frogs. Larvae (tadpoles) are primarily herbivourous and rely heavily on locomotion via undulations to acquire food and avoid predation. After metamorphosis, juvenile frogs adopt a carnivorous lifestyle and capture prey and avoid predators by remaining motionless in a place of concealment. When they must move, frogs locomote by means of ballistic hops or by more conventional walking. However, locomotion of both tadpoles and frogs can be considered of two fundamental functional types: (a) startle and escape; and (b) sustained locomotion. Neural mechanisms underlying startle responses and sustained locomotion in larvae and juveniles are described and possible ontogenetic relationships those behaviors are proposed. The role of different parts of the nervous system in the ontogeny of locomotion, as well as nonneuronal factors, are described. Results show that the transition from tadpole\u2010like behavior to frog\u2010like behavior is not a simple function of maturation of central locomotor controls. Rather, it results from a complex interaction of central nervous system maturation, morphological change, and a change in habitat preference. Examples of similar multidimensional control of behavioral ontogeny in other species are described, and it is argued that to understand the ontogeny of behavior, one must investigate contributions made at all levels, from the neuronal to the environmental. \u00a9 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480231008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,27]],"date-time":"2005-05-27T22:04:44Z","timestamp":1117231484000},"page":"1467-1485","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development of anuran locomotion: Ethological and neurophysiological considerations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Donald J.","family":"Stehouwer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001840102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480210713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1563374"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1938553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091210107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1091250207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420200503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.170.3965.1409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(74)90075-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1976.sp011276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(87)80026-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1977.tb01349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901800403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000124364"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-1047(91)90454-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Neuroethology: Nerve Cells and the Natural Behavior of Animals","author":"Camhi J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90027-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Anatomy and the Problem of Behavior","author":"Coghill G. E.","year":"1929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00605732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901530106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1974.37.4.691","article-title":"A supraspinal monosynaptic input to hindlimb motoneurons in lumbar spinal cord of the frog","volume":"37","author":"Cruce W. L. R.","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90293-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.157.3791.952-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(81)90455-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"The Frog Book","author":"Dickerson M. C.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.233.4766.849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051190210"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(82)90031-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051650106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901920307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90315-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/physzool.56.4.30155875"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(87)90001-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901140106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902090408"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-05-00654.1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/1.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neu.480210707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"A bullfrog and its prey","volume":"70","author":"Gans C.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nat. History"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(86)90009-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(73)90171-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(77)90090-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification","volume":"16","author":"Gosner K. L.","year":"1960","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Animal Locomotion","author":"Gray J.","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System","author":"Grillner S.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","first-page":"219","volume-title":"Advances in the Study of Behavior","author":"Hall W. G.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401590102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(84)90219-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902440209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902530206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(73)80043-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"579","article-title":"Early fetal activities in mammals","volume":"8","author":"Hooker D.","year":"1936","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1967.tb01649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900810102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-2316-7_30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4412-4_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.860134"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3246-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"The central nervous generation of the swimming rhythm in an amphibian","volume":"277","author":"Kahn J. A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1982.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1401220104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90092-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Perspectives in Neural Systems and Behavior","author":"Kelley D. B.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1969.tb01699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901890208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197.4304.682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-12-01793.1982","article-title":"Regeneration and functional reconnection of an identified vertebrate central neuron","volume":"2","author":"Lee M. T.","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(74)90114-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1563401"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.3.4.343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-66316-1_36"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853971X00357"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902690204"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000115894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.103","article-title":"Reticulspinal control of rapid escape turning maneuvers in fishes","volume":"29","author":"Nissanov J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/91.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1983.tb05100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000121518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.123","article-title":"Motorpool organization of vertebrate axial muscles","volume":"29","author":"Peterson E. H.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Feeding and Drinking","author":"Phifer C. B.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000125451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1980.44.1.135","article-title":"Functional properties of Mauthner cell in the tadpole","volume":"44","author":"Rock M. K.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rana catesbeiana. J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)90648-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(88)90631-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.7.239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"The Ecology and Life History of the Common Frog (Rana temporaria temporaria)","author":"Savage R. M.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00345438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1976.56.3.465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090780202","article-title":"Stages in the normal development of Rana pipiens. I. External form","volume":"78","author":"Shumway W.","year":"1940","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.900770102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Evolutionary Biology of the Amphibia","author":"Starrett P. H.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-1047(86)80011-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.101.3.378"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90323-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420210409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90068-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(81)91296-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6600518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420170303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1985.53.6.1453","article-title":"Development of locomotor mechanisms in the frog","volume":"53","author":"Stehouwer D. J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090870409"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090940103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.420150506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1982.tb10593.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00318979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1444825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3246-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(82)80141-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00299616"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/15.2.405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.105.1.173","article-title":"The effects of aquatic oxygen concentration, body size and respiratory behavior on the stamina of obligate aquatic (Bufo americanus) and facultative air breathing (Xenopus laevis and Rana berlandier\u00ef) anuran larvae","volume":"105","author":"Wassersug R. J.","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z83-101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.119.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1936218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.37.8.540"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-3246-6_11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1442283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4119.1305"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902440109"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000114368"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90942-9"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fneu.480231008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/neu.480231008","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T20:24:28Z","timestamp":1698092668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/neu.480231008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]},"references-count":125,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/neu.480231008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/neu.480231008","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3034","1097-4695"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3034","type":"print"},{"value":"1097-4695","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,12]]}}}