{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:33:23Z","timestamp":1788564803565,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical practice about peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion, maintenance and removal in a cohort of Victorian hospitals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A standardized PIVC audit tool was developed, and results from point prevalent surveys were conducted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hospitalized patients requiring a PIVC insertion were eligible for audit. Audit data submitted between 2015 and 2019 were extracted for the current study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>3566 PIVC insertions in 15 Victorian public hospitals were evaluated. 57.6% of PIVCs were inserted in wards, 18.7% in operating theatres and 11.6% in Emergency Departments (ED). 45.2% were inserted by nurses and 38.2% by medical staff. The preferred site for insertion was the dorsum of the hand and forearm (58.8%). 22.6% did not report a visual infusion phlebitis score at least daily, and 48% did not document a daily dressing assessment. Reasons for PIVC removal included no longer required (63%) and phlebitis (4.8%). No bloodstream infections were reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T11:30:09Z","timestamp":1646998209000},"page":"1912-1917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluating peripheral intravascular catheter insertion, maintenance and removal practices in small hospitals using a standardized audit tool"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9112-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Hoskins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon J","family":"Worth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Malloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health and Human Services Regional Infection Control Advisors, Performance and Improvement Rural Health  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue","family":"Atkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Department of Health and Human Services Regional Infection Control Advisors, Performance and Improvement Rural Health  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noleen","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity  Melbourne Vic. Australia"},{"name":"Department of Nursing Melbourne School of Health Sciences The University of Melbourne  Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S74685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandrou E. Ray\u2010Barruel G. Carr P. J. Frost S. A. Inwood S. Higgins N. Alberto L. Mermel L. &Rickard C. M.(2018).Use of Short Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: Characteristics Management and Outcomes Worldwide.https:\/\/www.journalofhospitalmedicine.com\/jhospmed\/article\/166494\/hospital\u2010medicine\/use\u2010short\u2010peripheral\u2010intravenous\u2010catheters\u2010characteristics","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","unstructured":"Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care. (2019)Consultation Draft \u2013 Peripheral Venous Access Clinical Care Standard. Sydney:ACSQHC. 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R.(2015).Uses of Electronic Health Records for Public Health Surveillance to Advance Public Health Annual Review of Public Health Vol36 pp345\u2013359 Accessed 13th December 2019 https:\/\/www.annualreviews.org\/doi\/full\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev\u2010publhealth\u2010031914\u2010122747","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122747"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Infusion therapy standards of practice","volume":"39","author":"Gorski L.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Infusion Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infusion therapy standards of practice","volume":"39","author":"Infusion Nurses Society","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Infusion Nursing"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"Infection control \u2013 a battle in vein: Infusion phlebitis","volume":"94","author":"Jackson A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nursing Times"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Keogh S. &Mathew S.(2019).Peripheral intravenous catheters: A review of guidelines and research. Sydney:ACSQHC. Accessed 20th September 2019 https:\/\/www.safetyandquality.gov.au\/publications\u2010and\u2010resources\/resource\u2010library\/peripheral\u2010intravenous\u2010catheters\u2010review\u2010guidelines\u2010and\u2010research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.74.11.826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix562"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)(2014).Ethical considerations in quality assurance and evaluation activities. Accessed 19th April 2019.https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/guidelines\u2010publications\/e111"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)(2019).Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare: Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed 11th June 2019 https:\/\/www.nhmrc.gov.au\/about\u2010us\/publications\/australian\u2010guidelines\u2010prevention\u2010and\u2010control\u2010infection\u2010healthcare\u20102019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs-2015-004411"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"Queensland Department of Health(2015).Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Guideline. Accessed 1st November 2019 https:\/\/www.health.qld.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0025\/444490\/icare\u2010pivc\u2010guideline.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray\u2010Barruel G. Xu H. Marsh N. Cooke M. &Rickard C. M.(2019).Effectiveness of insertion and maintenance bundles in preventing peripheral intravenous catheter\u2010related complications and bloodstream infection in hospital patients: A systematic review. 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