{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:29:41Z","timestamp":1782833381622,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify outcome indicators to evaluate interventions delivered by advanced practice nurses specialising in acute pain as reported in the scientific literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Scoping review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three databases (PubMed, Scopus and CINAHL) were systematically searched in December 2023 to identify studies published between 1996 and 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Review Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Search results were managed through the Rayyan platform. Two review authors independently performed data selection and extraction, and a third reviewer resolved conflicts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search identified 1263 studies. After screening titles and abstracts, 14 full\u2010text studies were selected for data extraction and analysis. These studies encompassed a variety of designs, including randomised controlled trials, cohort studies and observational studies. The outcome indicators used to evaluate advanced practice nurses' interventions in acute pain management were examined across three key dimensions: study population and setting, intervention and model of acute pain nurse care and quality\u2010of\u2010care assessment. The specific outcome indicators identified included \u2018pain score\u2019, \u2018side effects\u2019, \u2018analgesia prescription\u2019, \u2018non\u2010pharmacological interventions\u2019, \u2018nurses' pain management knowledge\u2019, \u2018patient\/parent education\u2019 and \u2018APN contact\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review underscores the growing and evolving role of advanced practice nurses (APNs) in acute pain management, highlighting the diversity of care models and interventions implemented across clinical settings. Key outcome indicators, such as \u2018pain score\u2019, \u2018side effects\u2019 and \u2018nursing staff's understanding of pain management\u2019, were identified, with certain indicators, like \u2018APN contact\u2019 and \u2018non\u2010pharmacological interventions\u2019, more closely linked to the nurse\u2010led approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications for the Profession<\/jats:title><jats:p>This scoping review underscores the importance of developing and evaluating outcome indicators to enhance the assessment of interventions provided by advanced practice nurses in acute pain management. While consensus on specific indicators has not yet been reached, this review highlights the need for further research to refine and standardise these indicators, thereby contributing to more uniform and comparative evaluations of care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Impact<\/jats:title><jats:p>The identified outcome indicators can inform the evaluation of APN interventions in acute pain management, supporting efforts to optimise and standardise care. Further implementation and assessment of these indicators will be essential to enhance the quality and effectiveness of patient care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Reporting Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PRISMA extension for Scoping Review guidelines was used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title><jats:p>No patient or public contribution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.70201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,18]],"date-time":"2025-04-18T06:00:51Z","timestamp":1744956051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcome Indicators for Evaluating Interventions by Advanced Practice Nurses Specialising in Acute Pain: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Barroso\u2010Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol  Badalona Spain"},{"name":"NURECARE\u2010IGTP Nursing Research Group Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)  Badalona Spain"},{"name":"Fundamental Care and Clinical Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3013-8812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Cabrera\u2010Jaime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 d'Oncologia Cap de la Unitat de Recerca en Cures ICO Badalona i Girona  Badalona (Barcelona) Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Research Group (GRIN\u2010IDIBELL)  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Facultat de Medicina Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Bellaterra Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7010-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Feijoo\u2010Cid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department d'Infermeria, Facultat de Medicina Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Bellaterra Spain"},{"name":"Grup de REcerca Multidisciplinar en SAlut i Societat (GREMSAS), (2021SGR1484), IDIAP\u2010UAB  Matar\u00f3 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5303-6643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariadna","family":"Huertas\u2010Zurriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NURECARE\u2010IGTP Nursing Research Group Germans Trias I Pujol Hospital and Research Institute  Badalona Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-3633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ll\u00facia","family":"Benito Aracil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundamental Care and Clinical Nursing Department, Nursing Faculty University of Barcelona  Barcelona Spain"},{"name":"Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) Hospitalet  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES\u201021\u201000101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n6p154"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Core Curriculum for Pain Management Nursing","author":"American Society for Pain Management Nursing","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Pain Management Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice","author":"American Society for Pain Management Nursing, American Nurses Association","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","volume-title":"Core Curriculum for Pain Management Nursing","author":"American Society for Pain Management Nursing","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0b013e31823c1030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000681"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645579.2021.1899596"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365\u20102648.2004.03235.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1518\u20108345.1677.2826"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12191"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm\u20102018\u2010100036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12751"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444318722.ch1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102648.2011.05850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JPAIN.2015.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chou R. J.Wagner A. Y.Ahmed et\u00a0al.2020.\u201cTreatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review.\u201d","DOI":"10.23970\/AHRQEPCCER240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102044.1996.tb15039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102702.2008.02361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744\u20106155.2007.00109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20103959(97)00225\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2020.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912\u2010023\u201001528\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"Ferrell B. andM.McCaffery.2014.\u201cKnowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain.\u201dhttps:\/\/prc.coh.org\/Knowldege%20%20&%20Attitude%20Survey%207\u201014%20(1).pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13674935211014742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S144066"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(19)30352\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.14.1574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13094"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","volume-title":"Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach","author":"Hamric A. B.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnsa.2021.100034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11010034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP).2022.\u201cAcute Pain.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.iasp\u2010pain.org\/resources\/topics\/acute\u2010pain\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","volume-title":"The Scope of Practice, Standards and Competencies of the Advanced Practice Nurse","author":"International Council of Nurses","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"International Council of Nurses Schober M. D.Lehwaldt et\u00a0al.2020.\u201cGuidelines on Advanced Practice Nursing.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","unstructured":"International Council of Nurses Stewart D. B. J.Horton et\u00a0al.2021.\u201cGuidelines on Advanced Practice Nursing.\u201dNurse Anesthetists.https:\/\/www.icn.ch\/system\/files\/documents\/2021\u201005\/ICN_Nurse\u2010Anaesthetist\u2010Report_EN_WEB.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2010.547560"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365\u20102648.2004.03279.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jpan.2002.30244"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748\u20105908\u20105\u201069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119701170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365\u20102648.1997.1997025030.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1365\u20102702.2006.01669.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102648.2003.02527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365\u20102702.2003.00748.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S026502150500205X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874\u2010018\u20100611\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354\u2010022\u201000984\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202105_25952"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643\u2010016\u20100384\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-20-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000366"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","volume-title":"Clinical Best Practice Guidelines Assessment and Management of Pain","author":"Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2021.103955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2021.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/JAN.15348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/INR.12132"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inr.12536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12838"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/AH10946"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","volume-title":"Acute Pain Management: Scientific Evidence","author":"Schug S. A.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/NHS.12391"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmn.2021.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","unstructured":"Stewart D. M.Schober L.Nissen et\u00a0al.2021.\u201cGuidelines on Nurse Prescribing.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","volume-title":"R3 Report Issue 11: Pain Assessment and Management Standards for Hospitals","author":"The Joint Commission","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","volume-title":"Hamric and Hanson's Advanced Practice Nursing: An Integrative Approach","author":"Tracy M.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18\u20100850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4137\/HSI.S11093"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002800\u2010199907000\u201000005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).2019.\u201cStatement on Pain Management Guidance.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/14\u201006\u20102019\u2010statement\u2010on\u2010pain\u2010management\u2010guidance."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243574"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S414463"}],"container-title":["Nursing Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/nop2.70201","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T11:24:23Z","timestamp":1745580263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/nop2.70201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/nop2.70201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nop2.70201","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2054-1058","2054-1058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2054-1058","type":"print"},{"value":"2054-1058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70201"}}