{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:17:49Z","timestamp":1787811469449,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sudden cardiac arrest remains a major cause of global mortality, underscoring the importance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Extended reality (XR) technologies, including virtual, augmented, and mixed reality, have recently emerged as innovative approaches to enhance simulation\u2010based CPR education for nursing and healthcare students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To present the protocol for a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis intended to evaluate the effects of XR\u2010based interventions on CPR training outcomes among healthcare students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Reporting Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The protocol was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis Protocols (PRISMA\u2010P) recommendations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electronic database searches will be performed in PubMed\/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relevant studies will be searched through systematic database and reference screening. Randomised controlled trials and quasi\u2010experimental studies investigating XR\u2010supported CPR training will be considered for inclusion. Two reviewers will independently conduct study screening and data extraction, with disagreements resolved through consultation with a third reviewer. Methodological quality will be evaluated using the Cochrane ROB 2 tool and the ROBINS\u2010I assessment tool where appropriate. Findings will first be summarised narratively, while meta\u2010analysis will be undertaken if sufficient methodological homogeneity among studies is observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications and Impact<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current evidence on XR\u2010based CPR training has primarily focused on laypersons or practicing professionals, leaving evidence specific to nursing and other healthcare students limited. This review will try to systematically summarise and appraise available studies in this population, with particular attention to reported outcomes related to CPR competencies. The results may help identify evidence gaps and guide future research directions. If XR demonstrates potential advantages, this review may support educators in considering the role of XR technologies in CPR training programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No public or patient contribution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Protocol Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This protocol is registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024528709).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.70721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T04:16:42Z","timestamp":1785385002000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of Extended Reality\u2010Based Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Training for Healthcare Students: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1112-5706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Raymund P.","family":"Suazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Oviedo  Oviedo Spain"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health Karolinska Institute  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2343-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grasiela","family":"Piuvezam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"},{"name":"Post\u2010Graduation Program in Public Health Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte  Natal Brazil"},{"name":"Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis Laboratory Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (LABSYS\u2010UFRN\/CNPQ)  Natal Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8246-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isac Davidson S. 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