{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:48:32Z","timestamp":1789048112211,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nursing Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The threats of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) have caused fears worldwide. The Fear of COVID\u201019 Scale (FCV\u201019S) was recently developed to assess the fear of COVID\u201019. Although many studies found that the FCV\u201019S is psychometrically sound, it is unclear whether the FCV\u201019S is invariant across countries. The present study aimed to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV\u201019S across eleven countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using data collected from prior research on Bangladesh (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a08,550), United Kingdom (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0344), Brazil (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01,843), Taiwan (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0539), Italy (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0249), New Zealand (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0317), Iran (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0717), Cuba (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0772), Pakistan (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0937), Japan (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01,079) and France (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0316), comprising a total 15,663 participants, the present study used the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch differential item functioning (DIF) to examine the measurement invariance of the FCV\u201019S across country, gender and age (children aged below 18\u00a0years, young to middle\u2010aged adults aged between 18 and 60\u00a0years, and older people aged above 60\u00a0years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The unidimensional structure of the FCV\u201019S was confirmed. Multigroup CFA showed that FCV\u201019S was partially invariant across country and fully invariant across gender and age. DIF findings were consistent with the findings from multigroup CFA. Many DIF items were displayed for country, few DIF items were displayed for age, and no DIF items were displayed for gender.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the results of the present study, the FCV\u201019S is a good psychometric instrument to assess fear of COVID\u201019 during the pandemic period. Moreover, the use of FCV\u201019S is supported in at least ten countries with satisfactory psychometric properties.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1616332171000},"page":"1892-1908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["Fear of COVID\u201019 Scale (FCV\u201019S) across countries: Measurement invariance issues"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2129-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung\u2010Ying","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Allied Health Sciences College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Hospital National Cheng Kung University Tainan 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