{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T13:08:07Z","timestamp":1792674487947,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,23]],"date-time":"2019-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19dm0107101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19dm0107101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Neuropsychopharm Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Restraint stress is one of the most widely used experimental methods for generating rodent models of stress\u2010induced neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Although various types of restraint apparatuses have been used to expose animals to stress, the magnitudes of the effects of stress exposure via different types of restraint apparatuses on physiology and behavior have not been compared in the same environment. Here, we investigated the effects of stress exposure via two types of restraint apparatuses on body weight, locomotor activity, anxiety\u2010 and depression\u2010related behaviors, and plasma corticosterone levels in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adult male BALB\/cAJcl mice were restrained by placing them in either a well\u2010ventilated plastic conical tube or a tapered plastic film envelope for 6\u00a0hours per day for 10 or 21 consecutive days. Mice were weighed during and after the stress period and were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests, including light\/dark transition, open field, elevated plus maze, Porsolt forced swim, tail suspension, and sucrose preference tests, starting on the day after the last stress session. Plasma corticosterone levels were measured in another cohort of mice on the 1st and the 21st stress sessions and after the Porsolt forced swim test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exposure to repeated stress via the two above mentioned types of restraint apparatuses caused body weight loss, heightened locomotor activity, altered immobility during forced swim, and increased plasma corticosterone levels, and some of these results differed between the restraint stress protocols. Film\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice had significantly lower body weights than tube\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice. Film\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice exhibited significantly higher or lower immobility during forced swim than tube\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice, depending on the test time. Additionally, the stress\u2010induced increase in plasma corticosterone levels was found to be higher in film\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice than in tube\u2010restraint\u2013stressed mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results indicate that film\u2010restraint stress has more pronounced effects on body weight, depression\u2010related behavior, and corticosterone response than tube\u2010restraint stress in mice. These findings may help guide which restraint stress procedures to use, depending on the objectives of a given study, in generating animal models of stress\u2010induced neuropsychiatric disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T06:03:47Z","timestamp":1577167427000},"page":"73-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Differential effects of stress exposure via two types of restraint apparatuses on behavior and plasma corticosterone level in inbred male BALB\/cAJcl mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4843-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hirotaka","family":"Shoji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Systems Medical Science Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science Fujita Health University Toyoake 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